Table 2.

RCTs of multidomain lifestyle interventions for prevention of cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia.

Study (Ref) location	N	Inclusion criteria	Multidomain intervention	Control	Duration	Primary outcome	Results (if available)
FINGER (168) Finland	1,260	Cognitive performance at mean level or slightly lower than expected for age 60–75 (CAIDE dementia risk score ≥6) 60–77 years	nutritional guidance physical exercise cognitive training and social activity management of metabolic and vascular risk factors	General health advice	2 years + 5 years follow up	Change in cognitive function (NTB)	Significantly positive effects
preDIVA (169) Netherlands	3,526	Unselected population of older people without dementia in general practices 70–78 years	nutritional advice physical activity advice vascular care and medical treatment of risk factors	Usual care	6 years	Cumulative incidence of dementia and disability score (ALDS)	No significant effects
MAPT (170) France	1,680	Spontaneous memory complaint (MMSE >24), with frailty (limitation in one instrumental activity of daily living and slow walking speed) ≥70 years	nutritional advice physical activity advice cognitive training vascular care and/or 800 mg DHA/day	Placebo	3 years + 2 years follow up	Change in cognitive function (G and B)	No significant effects
Lam et al. (171) Hong Kong	555	MCI ≥ 60 years	physical exercise cognitive activity	Social activity or only cognitive activity or only physical exercise	1 year	Change in cognitive function (CDR-SOB)	No significant effects
HATICE (172) Netherlands, Finland, France	2,600	healthy cognitive status (MMSE ≥24), with cardiovascular risk factors ≥65 years	Interactive internet platform that stimulates self-management of vascular and life-style related risk factors, with remote support	Static internet platform with basic health info	1.5 years	Composite score based on the average z-score of the difference between baseline and 18 m follow up values of BP, LDL, and BMI	N/A
SYNERGIC (173) Canada	200	MCI 60–85 years	exercise cognitive training vitamin D	BAT, control cognitive training, placebo D	20 weeks + 6 month follow-up	Change in cognitive function (ADAS-Cog 13 and plus)	N/A
LIILAC (174) Australia	148	Healthy cognitive status (MMSE >24) 60–90 years	MeDiet exercise	Usual care or only MeDiet or only exercise	6 months	Change in cognitive function (SUCCAB)	N/A
Daly et al. (175) Australia	152	Healthy cognitive status (SPMSQ ≤ 2) ≥65 years	progressive resistance training lean red meat vitamin D	Control resistance training, advice to consume carbohydrates and vitamin D	6 months + 6 month follow up	Change in cognitive function (CogState Battery)	N/A
Rovner et al. (176) USA	200	African Americans with MCI ≥ 65 years	Behavior activation therapy to help subjects develop strategies to maintain cognitive, social and physical activities	Supportive therapy	2 years	Change in episodic memory (HVLT-R)	N/A

FINGER, Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study; MAPT, Multidomain Alzheimer Prevention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability; preDIVA, Prevention of Dementia by Intensive Vascular Care; HATICE, Healthy Aging Through Internet Counseling in the Elderly; SYNERGIC, Synchronizing Exercises, Remedies in Gait and Cognition; LIILAC, Lifestyle Intervention in Independent Living Aged Care; ADAS-Cog, Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive 13 and the plus modality; ALDS, Academic Medical Center Linear Disability Score; BAT, balance and toning exercise; BMI, body mass index; BP, systolic blood pressure; CDR-SOB, Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes; CogState Battery, CogState Brief Battery computerized tests; G and B, Grober and Buschke; HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; LDL, low-density-lipoprotein; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; N/A, not available; NTB, Neuropsychological Test Battery; SPMSQ, Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire; SUCCAB, Swinburne University Computerized Cognitive Assessment Battery.