Figure 1.

Presence of maternal sister and mean annual probability of female reproduction in Asian elephants. Sister presence improves female reproduction with an age-specific effect whereby younger females benefit from the presence of such relatives. Each line grouping represents predictions made by the three final models (tables 1–3), broken down by agegroup (ages 12–21: N = 475; ages 22–43: N = 391; ages 44–50: N = 89). Each point represents the mean of the annual probability of reproduction from the raw data. Error bars represent 95% standard error. (Online version in colour.)