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. 2019 Jul 24;14:5729–5749. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S210116

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© 2019 Li et al.

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(A) Proposed glutathione (GSH)-mediated activation mechanism of CyA-cRGD probe. (B) Fluorescence spectra of CyA-cRGD probe with and without NEM or GSH. (C) Relative fluorescence (FL) intensity ratios of CyA-cRGD in the presence of different amino acids or metal ions. (D) Fluorescence images of CyA-cRGD in the presence of different amino acids and metal ions detected by the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging system. Figures A to D reprinted with permission from Yuan Z, Gui L, Zheng J, et al. GSH-activated light-up near-infrared fluorescent probe with high affinity to αvβ3 integrin for precise early tumor identification. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018;10(37):30994–31007.⁶³ Copyright © 2018, American Chemical Society.

Abbreviations: CYA, cyanine; RGD, a tumor-targeting unit; GSH, glutathione.