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. 2019 Jul 23;10:1699. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01699

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Copyright © 2019 Barnig, Bezema, Calder, Charloux, Frossard, Garssen, Haworth, Dilevskaya, Levi-Schaffer, Lonsdorfer, Wauben, Kraneveld and te Velde.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Dynamics of the inflammatory response in chronic inflammation. The acute inflammatory response is a highly coordinated sequence of events characterized by an onset phase coordinated by several families of chemokines, cytokines, and pro-inflammatory mediators that is followed in health by an active resolution phase brought about by the engagement of specific cellular mechanisms under the control of several pro-resolving mediators to promote resolution of the tissue inflammation as well as healing and repair. A failure in pro-resolving pathways can extend in time the actions of pro-inflammatory mechanisms resulting in prolonged or chronic inflammation with recurrent exacerbations.