Table 3.
Outcome measures pre- and post-intervention in groups A and B
| Group A | Group B | F | P, time effect | P, group-by-time interaction | P, baseline comparisons | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 8 weeks | Baseline | 8 weeks | ||||||
| BBS | 36.89 ± 14.74 40.00 (27.00–49.00) | 43.11 ± 13.62 48.00 (35.00–53.00) | 33.00 ± 11.99 34.00 (21.00–42.75) | 41.88 ± 9.99 44.50 (31.50–50.75) | 0.444 | 0.002 | 0.515 | 0.423 | |
| FSEO | COP VelML (mm/s) | 11.78 ± 7.78 10.47 (8.04–21.62) | 14.07 ± 8.67 12.60 (7.10–27.70) | 14.69 ± 5.38 14.11 (10.27–18.50) | 9.96 ± 2.56 9.59 (7.74–11.83) | 0.389 | 0.545 | 0.210 | 0.210 |
| COP VelAP (mm/s) | 18.17 ± 11.90 16.27 (12.75–32.74) | 21.17 ± 16.66 20.08 (11.17–53.22) | 25.56 ± 13.29 20.31 (17.38–37.37) | 19.35 ± 10.34 17.78 (10.60–24.02) | 0.931 | 0.793 | 0.175 | 0.175 | |
| COP Area (mm2) | 99.13 ± 26.56102.95 (71.36–125.88) | 105.65 ± 38.55103.11 (66.90–138.71) | 146.28 ± 111.49108.45 (95.65–133.17) | 89.05 ± 19.37 90.18 (69.79–107.19) | 2.074 | 0.104 | 0.442 | 0.442 | |
| FSEC | COP VelML | 12.64 ± 7.21 9.90 (7.00–19.66) | 21.62 ± 30.27 8.28 (7.54–42.37) | 15.09 ± 6.00 14.18 (9.43–21.23) | 11.33 ± 3.37 10.64 (8.56–13.45) | 2.537 | 0.527 | 0.657 | 0.657 |
| COP VelAP | 17.88 ± 5.20 18.30 (13.35–22.19) | 31.29 ± 35.33 14.02 (12.65–58.57) | 30.28 ± 15.61 27.93 (17.86–42.74) | 26.12 ± 10.70 23.31 (16.84–34.60) | 1.798 | 0.494 | 0.600 | 0.600 | |
| COP Area | 124.05 ± 49.10117.75 (92.09–155.72) | 118.82 ± 59.80102.60 (82.21–150.58) | 142.84 ± 78.93134.40 (71.68–218.84) | 112.48 ± 55.39105.98 (81.52–115.11) | 1.337 | 0.262 | 0.574 | 0.574 | |
| FTEO | COP VelML | 39.85 ± 22.22 37.68 (17.42–60.22) | 28.34 ± 13.00 24.82 (17.63–43.52) | 46.24 ± 18.72 43.59 (29.42–64.39) | 37.03 ± 18.07 41.21 (18.18–53.80) | 0.020 | 0.239 | 0.573 | 0.573 |
| COP VelAP | 45.59 ± 27.43 46.26 (19.65–71.78) | 37.46 ± 26.76 28.86 (16.61–63.59) | 44.05 ± 21.02 41.73 (28.07–61.19) | 40.22 ± 23.16 47.37 (16.40–60.47) | 0.028 | 0.650 | 0.755 | 0.755 | |
| COP Area | 173.17 ± 71.37150.60 (114.56–246.49) | 168.70 ± 73.69177.01 (89.24–234.05) | 168.13 ± 77.28132.55 (104.89–249.15) | 131.89 ± 39.47154.40 (89.65–162.88) | 0.926 | 0.446 | 0.876 | 0.876 | |
| FTEC | COP VelML | 46.05 ± 21.08 50.45 (23.12–56.45) | 30.17 ± 22.01 19.84 (15.23–43.75) | 69.20 ± 28.14 78.56 (39.36–89.67) | 62.06 ± 22.64 62.54 (40.13–83.52) | 0.176 | 0.320 | 0.286 | 0.286 |
| COP VelAP | 47.33 ± 29.39 41.97 (20.99–62.94) | 23.18 ± 8.09 19.71 (17.40–19.71) | 62.88 ± 25.69 68.35 (37.23–83.05) | 50.27 ± 13.92 47.81 (38.45–64.55) | 0.265 | 0.162 | 0.413 | 0.413 | |
| COP Area | 284.09 ± 217.10228.70 (112.50–363.87) | 117.79 ± 19.68127.52 (103.87–121.03) | 193.41 ± 67.05224.23 (116.49–246.71) | 134.36 ± 15.12151.82 (125.63–164.56) | 0.648 | 0.175 | 0.786 | 0.786 | |
| TIS | 13.89 ± 4.37 14.00 (11.00–17.50) | 15.44 ± 3.28 16.00 (13.00–18.00) | 13.00 ± 3.16 13.50 (9.50–16.25) | 17.62 ± 1.85 17.50 (16.25–18.75) | 3.935 | 0.001 | 0.066 | 0.606 | |
| FMA-LE | 25.56 ± 5.32 27.00 (21.50–29.50) | 27.11 ± 3.92 28.00 (23.00–30.50) | 26.50 ± 3.70 28.50 (22.00–29.00) | 29.00 ± 3.07 29.00 (26.00–31.25) | 0.422 | 0.014 | 0.526 | 0.673 | |
| FAC | 3.00 ± 1.32 4.00 (1.50–4.00) | 3.56 ± 1.33 4.00 (2.50–4.50) | 2.50 ± 1.20 2.50 (1.25–3.75) | 3.25 ± 0.71 3.00 (3.00–4.00) | 0.205 | 0.008 | 0.657 | 0.423 | |
| 10MWT (m/s) | Self-selected walking speed | 0.49 ± 0.41 0.66 (0.07–0.88) | 0.64 ± 0.42 0.76 (0.23–0.99) | 0.25 ± 0.28 0.19 (0.02–0.49) | 0.37 ± 0.32 0.26 (0.11–0.72) | 0.033 | 0.067 | 0.858 | 0.333 |
| Fast walking speed | 0.68 ± 0.59 0.87 (0.07–1.26) | 0.97 ± 0.67 1.09 (0.26–1.48) | 0.40 ± 0.40 0.22 (0.05–0.78) | 0.51 ± 0.49 0.32 (0.11–1.09) | 0.731 | 0.083 | 0.406 | 0.333 | |
| FES | 59.44 ± 19.66 63.00 (46.50–75.00) | 72.67 ± 25.52 79.00 (55.00–93.00) | 45.88 ± 18.08 44.50 (32.50–59.00) | 58.37 ± 13.36 57.50 (49.00–68.75) | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.937 | 0.139 | |
| SARA | Gait | 3.78 ± 1.92 4.00 (2.00–5.50) | 3.00 ± 1.58 2.00 (2.00–4.00) | 4.13 ± 1.80 5.00 (2.00–5.75) | 3.50 ± 1.78 3.00 (2.00–5.50) | 0.050 | 0.057 | 0.825 | 0.650 |
| Stance | 2.56 ± 1.24 2.00 (2.00–3.50) | 1.89 ± 1.17 2.00 (1.00–3.00) | 2.38 ± 1.30 2.50 (1.00–3.75) | 2.00 ± 0.93 2.00 (1.00–3.00) | 0.226 | 0.110 | 0.641 | 0.765 | |
| Sitting | 0.11 ± 0.33 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.882 | 0.362 | 0.362 | 0.346 | |
All data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation and median (interquartile range). BBS Berg Balance Scale, COP center of pressure, FSEO feet separated, eyes open, FSEC feet separated, eyes closed, FTEO feet together, eyes open, FTEC feet together, eyes closed, TIS Trunk Impairment Scale, FMA-LE lower extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment, FAC Functional Ambulation Category, 10MWT 10-m walking test, FES Falls Efficacy Scale, SARA Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia