Figure 1.

Noradrenaline increases MCP-1 in astrocytes. A, Enriched cultures of astrocytes (Ast) or microglia (μGlia) were incubated with 0 or 10 μm NA for 24 h, then MCP-1 mRNA levels measured by QPCR. Data are mean ± SE of MCP-1 mRNA levels normalized to values for β-actin and are expressed relative to control (100%) values. **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0001 versus control; n = 8 replicates per group. B, Astrocytes were incubated with 0–25 μm NA, and MCP-1 levels in the media were assessed after 24 h by ELISA. Data are means ± SE of n = 8 replicates per group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0005 versus control. C, Astrocytes were transfected with an pMCP-1 luc reporter (0.2 μg) and Renilla control phRG-TK vector. After 24 h, cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of NA, dbcAMP, or the β-AR agonist Isoproterenol, or (D) 10 μm NA together with varying concentration of the β-AR agonist propranolol or the β2-AR agonist ICI118551. MCP-1 promoter activity was measured after 4 h, and differences in transfection efficiencies were corrected for by normalization to renilla luciferase activity. The data are mean ± SE of n = 3–4 replicates and are relative to the MCP-1 activity measured in nontreated cells. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005 versus control values.