Table 2.

Neuropsychological performance of patients with VMPFC damage

	Mean (SD)	Range
Executive/attentional
WCST categories	3.71 (1.80)	1.00–6.00
Number of errors (Z)	−0.51 (0.96)	−1.75 to 0.87
% Persev. errors (Z)	−0.59 (1.32)	−2.7 to 1.05
Fluency
Phonemic (Z)	−0.97 (1.59)	−2.93 to 1.22
Semantic (Z)	−0.84 (1.45)	−2.76 to 0.94
SDMT
Oral (Z)	−0.29 (0.83)	−1.65 to 0.68
Written (Z)	0.09 (1.20)	−1.89 to 1.37
TMT
Part A (Z)	−0.87 (1.31)	−2.33 to 0.85
Part B (Z)	−1.38 (1.58)	−2.88 to 0.62
Anterograde memory
WMS III
LM1 (SS)	7.25 (2.31)	4.00–11.00
LM2 (SS)	7.13 (2.70)	4.00–13.00
VPA1 (SS)	5.75 (3.69)	1.00–12.00
VPA2 (SS)	6.50 (3.34)	3.00–13.00
Recognition (SS)	8.25 (3.11)	5.00–14.00
RCFT
Immediate (Z)	−1.40 (0.87)	−2.75 to −0.60
Delayed (Z)	−1.70 (0.79)	−2.75 to −0.92
RAVLT
Trial 1 (Z)	−1.35 (1.28)	−2.68 to 0.37
Delayed (Z)	−1.70 (0.92)	−3.41 to 0.56
Delayed recognition (hits-FA) (Z)	−1.33 (1.20)	−3.20 to 1.54
Remote memory
AMI-EM
Childhooda	7.00 (1.58)	5.00–9.00
Early adulthooda	7.40 (1.82)	5.00–9.00
Recent (anterograde)b	5.00 (3.16)	0.00–8.00
AMI-Sem.
Childhoodc	19.40 (1.34)	18.00–21.00
Early adulthoodd	19.30 (1.03)	18.00–20.50
Recent (anterograde)e	16.30 (5.68)	8.50–21.00

The normative data for the tests were taken from the original manuals or from the sources referenced below. AMI, The Autobiographical Memory Interview (Kopelman et al., 1990); AMI-EM, event memory; AMI-Sem., semantic memory; RAVLT, Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RCFT, Rey's Complex Figure Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; TMT, Trails Making Test; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Persev., perseverations; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale III; LM1, logical memory immediate; LM2, logical memory delayed; VPA1, verbal paired associates immediate; VPA2, verbal paired associates delayed; SS, scaled score (cutoff for abnormal, ≤ 4); Z, Z score (cutoff for abnormal, ≤ −2).

^aCutoff for abnormal, ≤ 3;

^bcutoff for abnormal, ≤ 5;

^ccutoff for abnormal, ≤ 11;

^dcutoff for abnormal, ≤ 14;

^ecutoff for abnormal, ≤ 17.