Table 2.

WHO health system building blocks—components and resilience attributes

Health system building blocks	Example components	Resilience attributes
Service delivery	High-quality case management Standard operating procedures (SOP) Facilities—fit for purpose Equipment, transport	System aspects of health service delivery Impact of public health emergencies on routine services Integrated functional capacities Quality of care
Workforce	Number of staff Training/knowledge Surge capacity	Quality of surge workforce Capacity remaining for routine services Health and safety of workforce
Medicines and technology	Access to medicines and supplies	Emergency procurement systems and plans Functional capacity/timeliness of delivery Supply chain considerations
Leadership and governance	National/local plans, structures Roles and responsibilities Guidelines Risk identification	Governance and coordination structures Well-defined command and control structures Alignment with national plans/guidance Leadership at facility level
Financing	Identification of contingency resources Access to contingency resources	Mechanisms to access contingency funds Ability to meet multiple public health emergencies (alongside routine services)
Information systems	Surveillance systems Information sharing	Integration of surveillance Activation of plans Risk communication Incident command system