Table 4. Percentage of parents of children with and without IDD scoring above clinical cut-off scores for moderate depression.
| Source study | Outcome measurea | Mean score ± SD | P-value | Z Score | >Cut-Off (%) | Difference (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With IDD | Without IDD | With IDD | Without IDD | With IDD | Without IDD | ||||
| Autism | |||||||||
| Almansour, 2013 | HADS | 9.5±3.2 | 5.0±3.0 | <0.001 | 0.47 | 2 | 32% | 2% | 30% |
| Gong, 2015 | SDS |
Fathers: 45.3±9.4 Mothers:49.4±10.8 |
41.3±11.2 |
Fathers: <0.0001 Mothers: 0.006 |
Fathers: 1.56 Mothers: 0.98 |
1.67 |
Fathers: 6% Mothers: 16% |
5% |
Fathers: 1% Mothers: 11% |
| Ingersoll, 2010 | CES-D | 17.9±12.6 | 13.4±12.8 | <0.05 | 0.17 | 0.52 | 44% | 30% | 14% |
| Lai, 2015b | DASS-D | 3.2±3.7 | 2.4±3.1 | <0.05 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Riahi, 2010 | GHQ | 15.7±5.3 | 14.7±5.1 | 0.47 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Yang, 2015 | SDS |
Fathers: 46.6±10.2 Mothers: 50.3±11.0 |
Fathers: 42.2±9.8 Mothers: 42.1±9.4 |
<0.0001 |
Fathers: 1.31 Mothers: 0.88 |
Fathers: 1.82 Mothers: 1.90 |
Fathers: 9% Mothers: 19% |
Fathers: 4% Mothers: 3% |
Fathers: 5% Mothers: 16% |
| Cerebral Palsy | |||||||||
| Altindag, 2007 | BDI | 18.8±8.6 | 9.1±4.8 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 2.06 | 49% | 2% | 47% |
| Basaran, 2013 | BDI | 13.6±8.9 | 10.5±5.6 | 0.04 | 0.61 | 1.52 | 27% | 6% | 21% |
| Cheshire, 2010 | HADS | 7.0±3.9 | 3.9±3.3 | <0.001 | 1.03 | 2.15 | 15% | 2% | 13% |
| Kaya, 2010 | BDI | 14.8±6.9 | 9.8±6.78 | <0.0001 | 0.61 | 1.36 | 27% | 9% | 18% |
| Ones, 2005 | BDI | 18.3±10.3 | 7.3±7.5 | <0.05 | 0.07 | 1.56 | 48% | 6% | 42% |
| Unsal-Delialioglu, 2009 | BDI | 19.7±12.0 | 13.2±7.8 | 0.002 | -0.06 | 0.74 | 52% | 23% | 29% |
| Yilmaz, 2013 | BDI | 18.0±12.5 | 8.9±7.6 | <0.001 | 0.08 | 1.33 | 47% | 9% | 38% |
| Multiple IDD: Combined | |||||||||
| Cantwell, 2015 | HADS | 8.7±4.1 | 5.1±3.7 | <0.001 | 0.56 | 1.60 | 29% | 6% | 23% |
| Norlin, 2013c | BDI-2r |
Fathers: -21.5±11.2 Mothers: -12.4±13.8 |
Fathers: -20.9±14.3 Mothers: -20.8±12.9 |
Fathers: >0.05 Mothers: <0.001 |
n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Olsson, 2008d | BDI-2r |
Fathers: 105.4±10.9 Mothers: 96.3±13.9 |
Fathers: 107.3±12.4 Mothers: 104.8±12.8 |
<0.05 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Multiple IDD: Disaggregated | |||||||||
| Lach, 2009d | CES-D |
Both: 8.7±7.3 Neuro: 5.9±6.6 |
4.3±5.0 | <0.0001 |
Both: 1.55 Neuro: 2.14 |
3.14 |
Both: 6% Neuro: 2% |
0% |
Both: 6% Neuro: 2% |
| Muammer, 2013e | BDI | MMG: 31.7±15.8 DG: 10.4±6.7 MG: 18±6.4 | 7.4±7.3 | <0.001 |
MMG: -0.80 DG: 1.28 MG: 0.16 |
1.59 |
MMG: 79% DG: 10% MG: 44% |
6% |
MMG: 73% DG: 4% MG: 36% |
| Intellectual Disability | |||||||||
| Gogoi, 2017 | BDI-II | 21.9±6.1 | 6.7±5.3 | <0.001 | -0.31 | 2.51 | 62% | 1% | 61% |
Abbreviations: HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SDS, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; DASS-D, Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale—Depression; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory
Percentages summary
Overall: with IDD = 31%; without IDD = 7%; difference = 24%
Autism: with IDD = 21%; without IDD = 9%; difference = 12%
Cerebral palsy: with IDD = 38%; without IDD = 8%; difference = 30%
Multiple combined: with IDD = 29%; without IDD = 3%; difference = 26%
Multiple disaggregated: with IDD = 28%; without IDD = 3%; difference = 15%
Intellectual disability: with IDD = 62%; without IDD = 1%; difference = 61%
a HADS, cut-off score ≥11. SDS, cut-off score ≥60. CES-D, cut-off score ≥20. BDI, cut-off score ≥19. BDI-II, cut-off score ≥20
b The z statistic and subsequent percentages were not calculated for measures with no recognised clinical cut-off score.
c Norlin (2013) and Olsson (2008) have both used the BDI-2r, but they appear to have utilised a different scoring scale, hence the widely different scores across the two studies. Given this uncertainty, these studies were not included in the calculation of the z statistic.
d Both: both a neurodevelopmental disorder and externalising behaviour problem; Neuro: neurodevelopmental disorder only
e MMG: mental-motor disability group; DG: Down syndrome group; MG: mental disability group