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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 5.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pharmacol. 2019 Jun 22;858:172485. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172485

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

RA prevents cardiac dysfunction in WT, but not CKO, mice induced by β-adrenergic stimulation. M-mode echocardiography was performed on the WT and CKO mice pre-treated with RA and then ISO for 7 d at the age of 16-24 weeks (n = 5-10). Data were expressed as means ± SDs. Ejection fraction (EF, panel A) and fractional shortening (FS, panel B) represent cardiac function. Left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD, panel C) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD, panel D) represent internal diameters of left ventricle. *P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls method).