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. 2019 Jul 30;10:3405. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11453-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Radiative forcing associated with emissions from rural residential sector. a Radiative forcing caused by CO₂, BC, POA, sulfate, and nitrate originating from rural residential emissions in 1992, 2002, 2007, and 2012. b The net forcing of these components. Error bars indicate standard deviations generated from the Monte Carlo simulation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file