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. 2019 Jul 30;10:3413. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11161-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Annual renewable curtailment and CO₂-emissions reductions in California assuming 20-GW and 40-GW wind- and solar-penetration levels, respectively, $200 per ton CO₂-emissions tax, and base case 7.0-GW minimum-dispatchability requirement. Renewable curtailment reported as a percentage of potential renewable production and CO₂-emissions reductions are reported relative to a no-renewables case. Storage cases show results for a the technology that achieves the lowest curtailment and b highest emissions reductions in each year. Source data are provided as a Source Data file