Fig. 9.

Short phosphatidic acid (PA) promotes vesiculation by Brefeldin-A ADP-ribosylated substrate (BARS). Quantitative data are shown as mean ± s.e.m. Significance was tested using the two-tailed Student’s t test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.0001, NS P > 0.05. a–d Liposomes with different forms of PA as indicated were incubated with recombinant BARS and then examined by electron microscopy (EM). Representative images are shown above, bar = 250 nm. Quantitation of liposome tubulation and vesiculation is shown below; n = 4 independent experiments. e–h Liposomes with different forms of diacylglycerol as indicated were incubated with recombinant BARS and then examined by EM. Representative images are shown above, bar = 250 nm. Quantitation of liposome tubulation and vesiculation is shown below; n = 4 independent experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file