Fig. 2.

Analysis of RAD18 domains required to promote Cas9-mediated HDR. a Schematic diagram of wild-type RAD18 and its mutant variants generated in this study.  b, c HDR levels measured using the BFP reporter stably expressed in HEK293T cells following transfection of a BFP ssODN (b) or dsDNA donor (c), and vectors expressing Cas9 and BFP sgRNA, along with WT or mutant RAD18 variants, or an empty vector control. Experiments were conducted as described in Fig. 1f, g. The values of individual experiments were normalized to the empty vector condition and presented along with the mean ± s.e.m. (n ≥ 3). Statistical significance was calculated using a one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparison test, with a single pooled variance (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). Source data are available in the Source Data file