Table 2.
Odds Ratios of Impact of Medical Marijuana Legalization on Opioid Use, Chronic Opioid Use, and High-risk Opioid and Antidiabetic and Antihypertensive Drug Use
| Outcome | Full population | Non-cancer patients | Chronic non-cancer pain patients |
|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
| Opioid use* | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 0.94 (0.92–0.95) |
| Chronic opioid use* | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) |
| High-risk opioid use* | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.91 |
| (0.94–0.98) | (0.92–0.97) | (0.88–0.94) | |
| Antihyperlipidemic prescriptions | 1.00 | – | – |
| (0.99–1.01) | |||
| Antihypertensive Prescriptions | 1.00 | – | – |
| (0.99–1.01) |
A multilevel logistic regression model with state of residence as random effects and year as fixed effect was used
*In addition to state of residence and year, the models accounted for patient age, gender and payer type, whether the patients received a chronic pain diagnosis, non-chronic pain diagnosis or experienced trauma, surgery, childbirth, dental procedure, any inpatient stay, burn or any emergency department visit in the given year. Also the model accounted for the following state level factors as fixed effects: presence of prescription drug monitoring program, presence of pain clinic laws, unemployment rate and number of physicians per 1000 persons