Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics14
| Characteristics | Lupus (N=64) | Control (N=30) | P values |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 45±12 | 37±11 | < 0.001 |
| Female gender, N (%) | 56 (88%) | 29 (97%) | 0.15 |
| Type-2 DM | 4 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.25 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 11 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 37 (58%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001 |
| Statin use | 6 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.12 |
| Race | |||
| Caucasian | 25 (39%) | 16 (53%) | 0.69 |
| African-American | 13 (20%) | 5 (17%) | |
| Asian | 6 (9%) | 2 (7%) | |
| Other | 20 (31%) | 7 (23%) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic | 27 (42%) | 10 (33%) | 0.43 |
| Non-Hispanic | 35 (55%) | 20 (67%) | |
| History | |||
| Smoking | |||
| Current tobacco use, N (%) | 4 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.22 |
| Previous smoker, N (%) | 7 (11%) | 4 (14%) | 0.51 |
| Physical activity, N (%) | 19 (42%) | 9 (50%) | 0.90 |
| Lupus history | |||
| Disease duration (years) | 15±12 | – | – |
| SLEDAI | 3.8±3.0 | – | – |
| SLICC | 2 (0–3) | – | |
| History of thrombotic event | 13 (20%) | – | – |
| Medications | |||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 57 (89%) | – | – |
| Azathioprine | 16 (25%) | – | – |
| Methotrexate | 10 (16%) | – | – |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 19 (30%) | – | – |
| Prednisone | 48 (75%) | – | – |
| Clinical parameters | |||
| BMI | 28.4±6.2 | 24.1±4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Framingham Risk Score | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0.14 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 90.1±13.0 | 92.0±9.4 | 0.23 |
| Insulin (mcU/ml) | 15.0 (9–20) | 8.0 (6–11) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.3 (1.9–4.6) | 1.7 (1.4–2.5) | 0.002 |
| C reactive protein (mg/L) | 1.6 (0.8–3.9) | 1.1 (0.7–3.2) | 0.18 |
| Urine creatinine (mg/dl) | 110 (66–181) | 133 (52–166) | 0.90 |
| Urine protein (mg/dl) | 32 (18–44) | 13 (11–17) | < 0.001 |
| Protein/creatinine ratio | 0.2 (0.2–0.4) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | < 0.001 |
| WBC count | 5.1 (3.9–6.4) | 5.2 (4.5–6.4) | 0.53 |
| Neutrophil % | 61±12 | 56±10 | 0.03 |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HOMA-IR, homoeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; SLEDAI, SLE Disease Activity Index; SLICC, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Committee.