Table 1.
Studies describing the association between DR and nephropathy and renal decline
| Reference Study population | Study design (n) | Independent variable | Dependent variable | OR/HR/RR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| El‐Asrar14
T1DM & T2DM |
Cross‐sectional (648) | DR Mild to moderate NPDR Severe NPDR PDR |
Nephropathy | All: OR = 4.37 (2.19‐8.71) T1DM: OR = 8.02 (1.95‐33) T2DM: OR = 2.48 (1.02‐6.03) OR = 3.78 (1.86‐7.67) OR = 7.17 (2.43‐20.61) OR = 23.56 (8.49‐66.11) |
<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 |
| P. Rossing15 T1DM | Prospective (537) | DR | Progression to microalbuminuria/macroalbuminuria | RR = 1.90 (1.26‐2.88) | <0.01 |
| Parving25 T2DM | Cross‐sectional (32208) | DR | Microalbuminuria/macroalbuminuria | OR = 1.49 (1.38‐1.62) | <0.0001 |
| Karlberg26 T1DM | Prospective (184) | PDR | Nephropathy | OR = 2.98 (1.18‐7.51) | 0.02 |
| Kramer 201327
T1DM |
Retrospective (1365) |
DR progression Nephropathy development |
Nephropathy development DR progression |
HR = 1.72 (1.30‐2.27) HR = 1.62 (1.23‐2.13) |
<0.001 0.001 |
| Romero‐Aroca 201228
T1DM |
Prospective (110) |
DR Microalbuminuria Overt nephropathy |
Overt nephropathy STDR STDR |
OR = 3.92 (2.97‐7.69) OR = 5.98 (1.83‐19.53) OR = 6.202 (1.35‐28.34) |
0.030 0.003 0.019 |
| Romero‐Aroca 201129
T1DM |
Prospective (334) |
Overt nephropathy | DMO | HR = 0.68 (0.51‐0.90) | 0.008 |
| Hammes 201530
T2DM |
Longitudinal (64784) |
Microalbuminuria Macroalbuminuria |
DR Severe DR DMO DR Severe DR DMO |
OR = 1.16 (1.11‐1.20) OR = 1.20 (1.14‐1.27) OR = 1.31 (1.09‐1.58) OR = 1.28 (1.12‐1.39) OR = 1.51 (1.36‐1.67) OR = 2.77 (2.11‐3.66) |
<0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 |
| Jeng31
T1DM & T2DM |
Longitudinal (53453) |
Nephropathy | NPDR PDR Progression from NPDR to PDR |
HR = 5.01 (4.68‐5.37) HR = 9.70 (8.15‐11.50) HR = 2.25 (1.68‐3.02) |
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
| Savage32
T2DM |
Cross‐sectional (947) | Macroalbuminuria | Increasing severity of DR Progression to PDR |
OR = 2.89 (1.73‐4.61) OR = 3.92 (2.02‐7.63) |
0.0001 0.0001 |
| Takagi33
T2DM |
Prospective (1802) |
DR | Microalbuminuria Decrease in eGFR |
HR = 1.57 (1.17‐2.12) HR = 1.36 (1.08‐1.71) |
<0.003 0.008 |
| Moriya34
T2DM |
Retrospective (1475) |
DR + microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria | HR = 11.55 (5.24‐25.45) | <0.01 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DMO, diabetic macular oedema; DR, diabetic retinopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR, hazard ratio; NPDR, non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; OR, odds ratio; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RR, relative risk; STDR, sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.