Table 5.
Studies describing the association between DR and peripheral complications
| Reference Study population | Study design (n) | Independent variable | Dependent variable | OR/HR/RR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baba77
T2DM |
Longitudinal (1296) |
DR | Hospitalization with ulcer | HR = 3.86 (2.26‐6.59) | <0.001 |
| Leymarie78
T1DM and T2DM |
Cross‐sectional (555) |
DR | Ulcer | OR = 4.2 (2.4‐7.4) | <0.05 |
| Bruun79
T2DM |
Registry (1381) |
DR | Ulcer at diabetes diagnosis Amputation |
OR = 6.21 (2.13‐18.10) OR = 6.43 (2.59‐15.90) |
<0.001 <0.001 |
| Parisi80
T1DM & T2DM |
Cross‐sectional (1455) |
DR | Ulcer | OR = 1.68 (1.08‐2.62) | 0.022 |
| Tomita81
T2DM |
Retrospective (1305) |
DR + microalbuminuria | Ulcer | HR = 6.84 (3.48‐13.41) | <0.001 |
| Harris Nwanyanwu82
T1DM & T2DM |
Retrospective (4617) |
Non‐healing ulcers | PDR | HR = 1.54 (1.15‐2.07) | <0.05 |
| Chaturvedi83
T1DM & T2DM |
Prospective (3443) |
DR | Amputation | T1DM: RR = 2.4 (1.0‐5.9) T2DM: RR = 3.6 (1.8‐7.2) |
NR |
| Hämäläinen84
T1DM & T2DM |
Prospective (733) |
DR | Amputation | OR = 6.1 (1.9‐19.6) | 0.0024 |
| Lai85
T2DM |
Retrospective (1588) |
DR | Amputation | HR = 2.07 (1.12‐3.82) | <0.05 |
| Rodrigues86
T1DM & T2DM |
Retrospective (129) |
DR | Amputation | OR = 5.20 (2.15‐12.75) | 0.00 |
| Saltoglu87
T1DM & T2DM |
Retrospective (455) |
DR | Amputation | OR = 2.25 (1.19‐4.25) | 0.012 |
| Tsai88
T2DM |
Registry (2011) |
Amputation | DR | HR = 2.24 (1.79‐2.80) | <0.0001 |
| Mohammedi89
T2DM |
Prospective (11140) |
Chronic ulceration or amputation | DR | HR = 1.53 (1.01‐2.30) | 0.04 |
| X. Li90
T2DM |
Cross‐sectional (3924) |
DR | Low ABI | OR = 1.83 (1.14‐2.93) | 0.004 |
| S. C. Chen91
T2DM |
Cross‐sectional (2001) |
PDR | Abnormal ABI | OR = 1.72 (1.15‐2.56) | 0.008 |
| Y. W. Chen92
T2DM |
Cross‐sectional (1544) |
PDR | Abnormal ABI Abnormal TBI Abnormal duplex Critical limb ischaemia |
OR = 3.61 (1.15‐11.26) OR = 2.84 (1.19‐6.74) OR = 3.28 (1.00‐10.71) OR = 5.52 (2.14‐14.26) |
0.027 0.018 0.049 <0.001 |
| Roy 200893
T1DM |
Prospective (483) |
Severe DR | LEAD | OR = 4.93 (1.13‐21.55) | 0.0002 |
| Yan94
T2DM |
Cross‐sectional (12772) |
Borderline ABI | DR | OR = 1.19 (1.04‐1.37) | <0.05 |
Abbreviations: ABI, ankle‐brachial index; CI, confidence interval; DR, diabetic retinopathy; HR, hazard ratio; LEAD, lower extremity arterial disease; NR, not reported; OR, odds ratio; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RR, relative risk; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TBI, toe‐brachial index.