Table 1.

Demographic information of participants

	TG	CG	Statistics	P value
Total	37	37
Gender				0.816a
Male	19 (51.4%)	18 (48.6%)	χ2 = 0.054
Female	18 (48.6%)	19 (51.4%)
Age(y)	22.4 ± 0.9	22.1 ± 1.0	t = 0.874	0.389b

TG: traditional lecture-based classroom group, CG: combination group of flipped classroom with problem-based learning

^aThe two groups were compared using the chi-square test

^bThe two groups were compared using independent samples t test