Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Jul 30;20:411. doi: 10.1186/s12859-019-2978-z

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 4 — Accuracy results. Comparison of heritability estimates for height generated by BOLT-LMM versions 2.1 and 2.3.2, SLDF_REML, and L_FOMC_REML versus those generated by the deterministic algorithm implemented in the GCTA software package ^∗ [4], for varying sub-samples of 16,000 to 256,000 unrelated European-ancestry UK Biobank participants. Data are comprised of twenty independent replications per condition. Red dashed lines indicate standard errors of GCTA estimate. Points represent individual observations whereas boxes indicate the 95% confidence intervals for the trimmed mean estimate after a Bonferroni correction for 25 comparisons. The bias evidenced by the BOLT-LMM estimators is likely due to the combination of performing a small number of secant iterations with fixed start values and loose tolerances for determining convergence. ^∗For n=256,000, memory requirements prohibited the use of GCTA, so we instead averaged ten estimates generated by the high-accuracy stochastic estimator implemented in BOLT-REML [31] (standard errors were 6.32e-5 and 2.45e-7 for the mean REML heritability estimate and its standard error, respectively)