Fig. 5.

Numerical experiments: accuracy versus time. Average absolute error on the log10 scale with respect to the GCTA estimate ^∗ versus trimmed mean wall clock time across twenty replications per condition. Error bars reflect per condition standard errors and lines connect per condition trimmed means. ^∗For n=256,000, memory requirements prohibited the use of GCTA, so we instead averaged ten estimates generated by the high-accuracy stochastic estimator implemented in BOLT-REML v2.3.2 [31] (standard errors were 6.32e-5 and 2.45e-7 for the mean heritability and its standard error, respectively)