Table 2.
General characteristics among participants with and without DKD
| Men | Postmenopausal women | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without DKD | With DKD | Without DKD | With DKD | |
| N | 1528 | 592 | 1705 | 678 |
| Demographic parameter | ||||
| Age, years | 66.75 ± 8.26 | 69.47 ± 9.34* | 66.94 ± 7.23 | 69.61 ± 8.54* |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 9.36 ± 7.41 | 12.35 ± 8.47* | 9.51 ± 7.88 | 11.94 ± 8.37* |
| HbA1c, % | 7.41 ± 1.27 | 8.02 ± 1.6* | 7.29 ± 1.26 | 7.71 ± 1.46* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.77 ± 3.24 | 25.54 ± 3.41* | 24.54 ± 3.71 | 25.75 ± 3.89* |
| Smoking, % | 34.9 | 38.7 | 2.5 | 2.4 |
| Hypertension, % | 73.7 | 89.9* | 76.1 | 90.7* |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 61.5 | 68.4* | 59 | 64.5* |
| Sex hormone levels | ||||
| TT, nmol/L | 15.13 ± 5.89 | 13.99 ± 5.89* | 0.61 ± 0.55 | 0.63 ± 0.46 |
| E2, pmol/L | 122.3 (173.9, 243.63) | 110.98 (172.65, 242.88) | 79.35 (117.7, 163.85) | 77.78 (121.6, 171.4)* |
| DHEA, pg/mL | 190.73 ± 96.65 | 192.03 ± 109.8 | 128.5 ± 66.62 | 131.72 ± 71.56 |
| FSH, IU/L | 11.77 ± 9.33 | 14.55 ± 13.97* | 54.35 ± 22.12 | 58.39 ± 26.78* |
| LH, IU/L | 7.87 ± 4.4 | 10.24 ± 7.6* | 25.49 ± 10.63 | 27.99 ± 14.53* |
| Renal function index | ||||
| lnACR | 2.19 ± 0.63 | 4.46 ± 1.26* | 2.32 ± 0.64 | 4.27 ± 1.12* |
| High ACR, % | 0 | 92.6* | 0 | 91.8* |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 93.51 ± 12.65 | 81.84 ± 23.75* | 94.71 ± 12.15 | 84.98 ± 22.72* |
Normally distributed variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, non-normal variables are expressed as median (P25, P75) and categorical variables are expressed as percentage (%). The Student’s t test was used to compare the continuous variables of the normal distribution, the Mann–Whitney U test was used for the comparison of the non-normal distribution continuous variables, and the Pearson χ2 test was used for the comparison between the categorical variables
* P < 0.05, compared with those without DKD