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. 2019 Jul 24;10:1650. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01650

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Copyright © 2019 Trappeniers, Matetovici, Van Den Abbeele and De Vooght.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Relative expression levels of innate immunity-related genes in the abdomen of symbiotic (Gmm^Sod+) and S. glossinidius-free (Gmm^Sod^–) flies exposed to 10⁵ CFU E. coli. Bacterial exposure was performed on day 8 post-eclosion via intrathoracic microinjection as well as per os and total RNA was extracted after 48 h. The expression levels were obtained by qRT-PCR analysis and normalized against the two tsetse reference genes β-tubulin (GMOY000148) and pleiotrophic regulator 1 (GMOY006161). Expression in each abdomen is plotted relative to the mean of the injection-control groups in Gmm^Sod+ and Gmm^Sod^– flies resp. Values are represented as the mean with the standard deviation. N = 7 independent replicates per group. ^*p-value < 0.05; iap2, inhibitor of apoptosis 2; ns, not significant; PGRP, peptidoglycan recognition protein.