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. 2019 Jul 31;9:11108. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47455-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Functional abnormality in electrocardiogram (EKG) in an oral infection mouse model. The 3-day-old NOD/SCID mice were infected orally with 10⁷ pfu of EV71-F6 (n = 7), EV71-F23 (n = 4) or normal saline. Infected mice were examined by EKG analysis on day 16 post-infection. (A) A representative configuration of a typical mouse electrocardiogram is derived from an average of four consecutive heartbeats of an uninfected littermate. P wave: the electrical manifestation of spread of atrial excitation; QRS complex: the electrical manifestation of spread of ventricular excitation; T wave: repolarization of the ventricles. (B) EKG in one-second recording showed a consistent split of P wave in F6-Mouse-1, PR segment depression in F6-Mouse-1, -3, -4 and -5, and ST elevation in F6-Mouse-3, and mild ST elevation in F6-Mouse-6. In two-second recording, irregular heart rate was evident in F6-mouse-7. (C) RR intervals showed irregular heart rate in F6-Mouse-2 and -7. (D) EKG showed irregular heart rate in mouse F23-Mouse-1 and -4, shortened or no R amplitude in mouse F23-Mouse-2, apparent ST elevation in F23-Mouse-2 and -3, and nearly abolished P wave in mouse F23-Mouse-4. (E) A Waterflow Plot resolved split P peaks and R amplitude in F23-mouse-2.