Figure 2.

Percentage of type of activities by each learning processes. Cooking is for cooking. Delivering ember is when a focal child was asked to bring a piece of ember to the adult (learning type: teach-task assignment). Foraging comprises foraging for wild plants such as mushrooms, forest leaves and wild nuts. Grooming accounts for hair grooming. Behaviour towards others: a focal child mistreated an infant during play and received negative feedback. Playing: children’s various play activities. Ritual performance: Children’s ritual-performance play mokondi massana. Sharing norms: sharing of meat according to cultural norms. Using tools involve a focal child using machetes and knives. Using a machete during foraging accounts for machete use during foraging for wild yams and leaves. Note that we did not include the play-practice as a learning category here as all the play-practice events occurred during play.