. 2019 Jul 24;10:1660. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01660

TABLE 1.

Effects of different nanoparticles on development of rhizobial symbioses.

Symbiotic partners	Nanoparticle	Base element	Application dose mg kg^–1/L^–1	Media	Effect on nodulation	References
Faba bean-Rhizobium leguminosarum	Ag	Silver	0.8	Sandy soil-loam mixture	Negative	Abd-Alla et al., 2016
Alfalfa-Sinorhizobium meliloti	Ag	Silver	5, 10	Jensen N free agar medium	Negative	Mohaddam et al., 2017
Soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum	CeO	Cerium	10,000 50,000 100,000	Farm soil	Neutral Neutral Neutral	Priester et al., 2012
Bean-Rhizobium leguminosarum	Cu (OH)₂ (Kocide)	Copper	1.7 3.4 6.8	Sandy clay loam soil	Neutral Negative Negative	Baijukya and Semu, 1998
Soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum	Fe₃O₄	Iron	20−100	Nutrient solution	Positive	Ghalamboran, 2011
Soybean-unspecified rhizobia	Fe₃O₄	Iron	100, 200	Potting mix-sand-field soil mixture	Neutral	Burke et al., 2015
Pea-Rhizobium leguminosarum	Fe₂O₃	Iron	3,000^a 6,000^a	Vermiculite	20 days: Negative 35 days: Positive 20 days: Neutral 35 days: Neutral	Sarabia-Castillo and Fernández-Luqueño, 2016
Chickpea-Bradyrhizobium japonicum	Mo	Molybdenum	≤8	Sandy loam soil	Positive	Taran et al., 2014
Pea-Rhizobium leguminosarum	TiO₂	Titanium	100−750	Nutrient solution	Negative	Fan et al., 2014
Soybean-unidentified rhizobia	TiO₂	Titanium	100−200	Potting mix-sand-field soil mixture	Neutral	Burke et al., 2015
Pea-Rhizobium leguminosarum	TiO₂	Titanium	3,000^a 6,000^a	Vermiculite	20 days: Negative 35 days: Neutral 20 days: Negative 35 days: Negative	Sarabia-Castillo and Fernández-Luqueño, 2016
Soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum	ZnO	Zinc	5,000 10,000 50,000	Farm soil	Neutral Neutral Positive	Priester et al., 2012
Pea- Rhizobium leguminosarum	ZnO	Zinc	200−800	Nutrient solution	Negative	Huang et al., 2014
Alfalfa-Sinorhizobium meliloti	ZnO	Zinc	50−100	Jensen N free agar medium	Negative	Mohaddam et al., 2017
Pea-Rhizobium leguminosarum	ZnO	Zinc	3,000^a 6,000^a	Vermiculite	20 days: Negative 35 days: Negative 20 days: Negative 35 days: Negative	Sarabia-Castillo and Fernández-Luqueño, 2016
Barrel medic-Sinorhizobium meliloti	ZnO+TiO₂+Ag	Zinc, Titanium, Silver	∼5,000: Ag ∼50,000: ZnO ∼50,000:TiO₂	Soil amended with biosolids	Positive	Chen et al., 2017

^aSeedlings were grown in vermiculite medium and watered with NP aqueous solutions of the respective concentrations (mg L^–1).