TABLE 2.

Effects of different nanoparticles on development of mycorrhizal symbioses.

Mycorrhizal partners	Nanoparticles	Base element	Application dose mg kg–1/L–1	Media	Effect on root colonization	References
White clover-Glomus caledonium	Ag	Silver	0.01 0.1, 1	Sand-perlite mixture	Neutral Positive	Feng et al., 2013
Faba bean-Glomus aggregatum	Ag	Silver	0.8	Sandy soil-loam mixture	Negative	Abd-Alla et al., 2016
Tomato-AMF*	Ag2S PVP-Ag	Silver- sulfidized Silver- PVP coated	1, 100 10 100 1, 10	Sandy loam-sludge mixture	Neutral Negative Negative Neutral	Judy et al., 2015
Tomato-AMF	Ag-2 nm Ag-15 nm	Silver	12, 24, 36 12 24, 36	Soil	Negative Neutral Negative	Noori et al., 2017
Tomato-AMF	Au	Gold	25	Sandy soil	Neutral	Judy et al., 2016
Red clover-AMF	Carbon nanotubes	Carbon	3, 3000	Sandy loam soil	Neutral	Moll et al., 2016
Red clover-AMF	CeO	Cerium	860	Sandy loam soil	Neutral	Moll et al., 2016
Tomato- Funneliformis mosseae	Chitosan- silica nanocomposites	Chitosan- Silica	Concentration unspecified: used as nanocarrier	Cocopeat	Positive	Gatahi et al., 2016
Clover-Glomus caledonium	FeO	Iron	3.2 0.032	Sand-perlite mixture	Neutral Positive	Feng et al., 2013
Wheat-AMF	TiO2	Titanium	1, 100, 1000	Sand-soil mixture	Neutral	Klingenfuss, 2014
Soybean-AMF	TiO2	Titanium	100, 200	Potting mix-soil mixture	Neutral	Burke et al., 2014
Rice-AMF consortium	TiO2	Titanium	8, 16, 33	Sandy soil	Negative	Priyanka et al., 2017
Red clover-AMF	TiO2	Titanium	10, 100, 1000	Sandy loam soil	Neutral	Moll et al., 2016
Tomato-AMF	ZnO	Zinc	25	Sand-soil mixture	Neutral	Watts-Williams et al., 2014
Maize-Funneliformis mosseae	ZnO	Zinc	500	Soil	Negative	Li et al., 2015
Soybean-Funneliformis mosseae	ZnO	Zinc	=2000	Soil	Negative	Jing et al., 2016
Maize-Glomus versiforme/caledonium	ZnO	Zinc	400 800−3200	Loamy soil	Neutral Negative	Wang et al., 2016

^*“AMF” denotes unspecified AM fungal species; the species identity was provided, where possible.