Table 1. Pathogen impacts.
For the pathogens screened for in this survey, known effects in Rangifer are listed when available, if effects are unknown effects in domestic animals are listed. The serological assays used were designed for bovine viruses and are likely cross-reacting with their cervid counterparts.
| Agent | Type | Effects in Rangifer | Effects in domestic animals | Zoonotic impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pestivirus | Virus | Poorly studied. Loose bloody stools, laminitis[51] | Immunosuppression, respiratory and gastrointestinal disease, abortions, neonatal morbidity/mortality[115] | None |
| Alphaherpes-virus (CvHV2) | Virus | Oral lesions, infectious keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, abortion[49, 50, 96, 116] | None | |
| Paramyxo-viruses (PI3 and BRSV) | Virus | Unknown | Contributes to Bovine respiratory disease complex[117] | None |
| Neospora caninum | Protozoan | Unknown | Abortions, mummified foetuses, weak calves[118] | None |
| Brucella suis biovar 4 | Bacteria | Abortion, weak calves, joint disease, orchitis, abscesses[40, 41] | Multi-systemic chronic disease[40] | |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Protozoan | Abortion, lethal enteritis[119, 120] | Abortion, birth defects[46] | |
| West Nile virus | Virus | Neurological disease, death[53] | Neurological, death[121] 14 |