Table 2. Tests and laboratories used for pathogen screening.
Published validation and use in Rangifer or other cervids is indicated by references.
| Pathogena | Labb | Testc | Kit | Cut-offd |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pestivirus | AUN | bELISA | SERELISA BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking, Synbiotics Corp., France | P: >40%; D: 20–40%[55] |
| CWHC | bELISA | IDEXX BVDV p80 Ab Test, IDEXX Laboratories Inc, Main, United States | P:≤40%; D:40 <S/N <50% | |
| Alphaherpes virus | PDS | iELISA | In-house test using protein G-enzyme conjugate[122] | P: ≥14 EU |
| AUN | bELISA | LSIVetT Bovine IBR gB Serum ELISA (based on BoHV-1 gB antigen)[91] | P: ≥35% | |
| AUN | bELISA | SERELISA IBR/IPV gB Ab Mono Blocking, Synbiotics, Europe SAS, France[91] | P: S/N <0.5 D: 0.55>S/N>0.5 |
|
| PI3 | PDS | iELISA | In-house test, adapted for cervids, protein G-enzyme conjugate[122], [56] | Serum: P: ≥14 EU FP: P: ≥10 EU[56] |
| Neospora caninum | AHC | cELISA | Neospora caninum Antibody Test Kit, cELISA; VMDR Inc., Pullman, WA, USA[56] | P: ≥30% |
| PDS | cELISA | Neospora caninum Antibody Test Kit, cELISA; VMDR Inc., Pullman, WA, USA[56] | P: ≥30% | |
| Brucella | BCE | cELISA | In-house testing based on antigen of Brucella abortus[38, 123], | P: ≥30%[69] |
| AUN | iELISA | In-house testing based on a protein A/G iELISA[124] | P: ≥1.13% | |
| Toxoplasma gondii | USDA | MAT[55, 125] | P: MAT titre ≥1:25 | |
| CWHC | iELISA | IDSCREENToxoplasmosis indirect multispecies; IDvet., Grables, France | P: S/P% ≥50%; D: 40%< S/P%<50% |
|
| West Nile virus | PHA | cELISA | In-house testing using two monoclonal antibodies (mAb1, mAb2) [56, 126] | P: ≥30% |
| BRSV | PDS | iELISA | In-house test, adapted for cervids, protein G-enzyme conjugate[56, 122] | P: ≥14 EU |
a PI3 = Parainfluenza virus type 3; BRSV = bovine respiratory syncytial virus
bAUN = Research group of Arctic infection biology, Dept. of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromso, the Arctic University of Norway; CWHC = Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Alberta Node, Canada; PDS = Prairie Diagnostic Services, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; AHC = Animal Health Centre, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; BCE = Brucellosis Centre of Expertise, Ottawa, ON, Canada; USDA = United States Department of Agriculture, Parasite Biology and Epidemiology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA; PHA = Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens section, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
c bELISA = Blocking Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); iELISA = Indirect ELISA; cELISA = Competitive ELISA; MAT = Modified Agglutination Test
d P = Positive; D = Doubtful (suspect); % = % inhibition, calculated from OD (optical density) values, see Curry et al (2014); EU (ELISA Units) calculated from OD values, see Curry et al. (2014); S/N = OD sample/OD negative; %P (percent positivity) = ([OD sample/OD positive control]*100, see dasNeves (2009; S/P% = (OD sample-OD negative control/OD positive control-negative control)*100