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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2019 Apr 2;114(Suppl 1):24–34. doi: 10.1111/add.14570

Table 3.

Associations between the 5 groups of daily nicotine users and other measures

A:
Exclusive
Daily
smoker
Concurrent use (% concurrent) E:
Exclusive
Daily
vaper
Significance
B: Pre-
dominant
Smoker
68.4%
C: Dual
daily
user
23.6%
D: Pre-
dominant
vaper
8.0%
Total Raw (weighted)% 65.8 (81.1) 15.8 (6.3) 10.9 (3.7) 2.6 (1.0) 5.0 (7.9)
% Female 44.1 49.8 46.1 39.2 48.7 A-B: p<0.003
B-D: NS
D-E: NS
Age:  18–24 11.5 12.3 13.3 16.1 9.7 A-B: p=0.04
B-D: NS
D-E: NS
    25–39 28.6 28.2 32.1 26.0 22.4
    40–54 29.9 33.8 32.6 27.0 32.1
    55 + 30.0 25.8 22.1 31.0 35.9
Socioeconomic status
(SES): Low

38.0

36.5

35.0

37.9

25.7
A-B: NS
B-D: NS
D-E: NS
    Medium 29.9 29.8 27.1 28.3 34.1
    High 32.1 33.7 37.8 33.7 40.3
Uses a tank system NA 56.2 56.5 76.9 84.5 B-D: p<.0001
D-E: NS
Time to first nicotine: <= 5 minutes 19.1 21.2 23.8 15.3 30.0 A-B: p=.003
B-D: NS
D-E: p=.01
Rates quitting as very or extremely hard 48.1 50.7 43.7 32.2 29.4 A-B: NS
B-D: p<.0001
D-E: NS
Reports no or only slight urge to smoke in last day 14.2 8.6 11.9 33.6 93.1 A-B: p<.0001
B-D: p<.0001
D-E: p<.0001
Made a quit attempt in the previous year 47.5 60.3 63.8 73.9 N/A A-B: p<.0001
B-D: p=.009
Plans to quit in the next 6 months 33.7 43.9 49.1 50.6 N/A A-B: p<.0001
B-D: NS
Has vaped daily >= 1 year N/A N/A 36.6 41.9 63.4 C-D: NS
D-E: p=.0002
Reports vaping less satisfying than smoking N/A 76.6 52.6 38.3 26.7 B-D: p<.0001
D-E: NS
Probably or definitely plans to vape in future 15.3 63.1 74.7 64.0 58.2 A-B: p<.0001
B-D: p<.0001
D-E: NS
Believes vaping less addictive than smoking 29.5 56.6 57.2 55.3 59.1 A-B: p<.0001
B-D: NS
D-E: NS
Believes vaping less harmful than smoking 52.2 74.6 70.2 83.9 94.1 A-B: p<.0001
B-D: p<.0001
D-E: p=.0009
Believe switching to vaping will improve health a lot 15.8 29.9 34.0 40.1 69.2 A-B: p<.0001
B-D: NS
D-E: p<.0001
Society disapproves of smoking (agrees) 80.5 78.3 65.5 82.2 91.3 A-B: p=.0007
B-D: p<.0001
D-E: p<.0001
Society approves of vaping (agrees) 20.2 34.1 39.2 34.0 32.5 A-B: p<.0001
B-D: p=.002
D-E: NS
Positive overall opinion of vaping 11.5 35.4 52.8 57.5 72.3 A-B: p<.0001
B-D: p<.0001
D-E: p=.002
Positive overall opinion of smoking? 9.7 13.3 18.4 3.6 2.6 A-B: p<.0001
B-D: p<.0001
D-E: NS