Table 4.
Adolescent and Adult Outcomes Associated with Trajectories of Hyperactivity/Attention Problems from 2 to 10 years
| Adolescent & Adult Outcomes |
Low (1) (n = 16) |
Moderate Desister (2) (n = 77) |
Moderate Stable (3) (n = 134) |
Chronic (4) (n = 57) |
Chi-Square Test (χ2) or Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deviant Talk (Observation; Age 17) |
2.11 (0.65) | 2.63 (0.30) | 2.82 (0.21) | 3.34 (0.35) | F(3, 277) = 1.25, p = .29 |
| Juvenile & Adult Violent Petitionsa |
OR = .38 [0.08, 1.89] |
OR = .40 [0.16, 1.01] |
OR = 0.79 [0.39, 1.62] |
_____ | χ2(3) = 5.74, p = .15 |
| Impulsivity (BIS; Age 20) |
29.13 (2.17) | 29.27 (0.98) | 29.70 (0.70) | 31.75 (1.16) | F(3, 274) = 1.05, p = .37 |
| Violent Behavior (SRD; Age 20) |
10.98 (0.41) 1 < 4 | 11.74 (0.19) | 11.83 (0.13) | 12.39 (0.22) 4 > 1 | F(3, 274) = 3.57, p < .05 |
| Depressive Symptoms (BDI; Age 20) |
2.45 (1.36) 1 < 4 | 4.90 (0.61) | 5.38 (0.44) | 6.86 (0.73) 4 > 1 | F(3, 274) = 3.11, p < .05 |
| Anxiety Symptoms (BAI; Age 20) |
2.79 (1.97) 1 < 4 | 6.35 (0.89) | 5.79 (0.64) 3< 4 | 8.78 (1.06) 4 > 1,3 | F(3, 274) = 3.09, p < .05 |
Note. BIS = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; SRD = Self-Reported Delinquency; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; Analyses control for minority status, maternal education, and family income. Marginal means (standard errors) adjusted for covariates are provided in columns with corresponding F-tests. Superscript numbers denote significant differences in mean scores between classes based on Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons, ps < .05. Underlined superscript numbers denote marginally significant differences in marginal mean scores between classes.
OR = Odds Ratio; Chronic HAP is the reference group; 0 = No Violent Petitions, 1 = Violent Petitions
p< .05.