Figure 1.

Andrographolide inhibits cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell migration and invasion. (A) Effect of andrographolide on CCA cell viability. CCA cells were treated with various concentrations of andrographolide (0–200 µM) for 48 h, and cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results represented the average of percentage cell viability compared with that of the control. (B) CCA cell monolayer treated with andrographolide at the concentrations of 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 µM was scratched, and the size of the wound was photographed at 0 and 12 h following the wound scratch. (C) Migration index as indicated by quantitative assessment of wound length. The results represented the average value of migration index compared with that of the control. (D) Invasive ability of CCA cells with andrographolide treatment (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 µM) was observed using Matrigel invasion assay. After 24-h incubation, the invasive cells were photographed. (E) The number of invasive cells were counted and calculated to invasion index. The results showed the average invasion index compared with that of the control. Data were presented as mean ± SE, which were derived from three independent experiments, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.