| Methods |
Allocation: randomized.
Blinding: single blind, 'raters could not keep themselves blind due to patients' questions'.
Duration: 7 days (TSD treatments in 3 nights, each separated by recovery night sleep, light at 3 AM during the TSD night and in the morning of the recovery night). |
| Participants |
Diagnosis: Depressive episode. Bipolar disorder (N = 115). DSM‐IV.
Inclusion criteria: HDRS (21‐item) more than 18. Absence of following conditions: other Axis I diagnosis, mental retardation on Axis II, pregnancy, history of epilepsy, major medical and neurological disorders, history of drug or alcohol dependency or abuse within the last 6 months.
Exclusion criteria: long‐acting neuroleptic drugs in the last 6 months before admission, neuroleptics or irreversible MAOIs in the previous month.
N = 115 (108 completers).
Age: mean 45.8 years (completers).
Sex: 72 F, 36 M.
History: duration of illness mean 16.2 years (completers).
Setting: inpatients. |
| Interventions |
1. Bright white light (2500 lux in the morning for 60 minutes) + TSD + lithium. N = 17.
2. Bright white light (2500 lux in the morning for 60 minutes) + TSD. N = 23.
3. Red light (150 lux in the morning for 60 minutes) + TSD + lithium. N = 14.
4. Red light (150 lux in the morning for 60 minutes) + TSD. N = 19.
5. No additional light (ambient light 80 lux) + TSD + lithium. N = 15.
6. No additional light (ambient 80 lux) + TSD. N = 20.
Device: not stated. |
| Outcomes |
Mental state (VAS).
Physiological monitoring (ECG, lab). |
| Notes |
Light adjunct to either TSD plus pharmacotherapy or TSD alone.
Stabilizing medication, if any, kept constant.
Only interventions with light (1.‐4.) included in the meta‐analysis. |
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Allocation concealment? |
Unclear risk |
B ‐ Unclear |
