Table 1.
Description of the characteristics of the parent outcome measures appraised in this review
| Measure (acronym) | Respondent and target population | Number and name of (sub) scales | Total items (range of scores) | Time to complete (min) | Availability | Costs (obtained in January 2018) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI-2) | Adult or adolescent parents | 5 (Developmental expectations, parental level of empathy, belief in the use of corporal punishment, reversing parent–child family roles, oppressing children’s power and independence) | 40 (40–200) | 10–15 | Available to purchase from measure publisher: http://www.nurturingparenting.com | Prices available on request from measure publisher |
| Alabama Parenting Questionnaire Pre-school Revision (APQ-PR) | Parents of 3–5 year olds | 3 (Positive parenting, negative/inconsistent parenting, punitive parenting) | 32 (32–160) | 5–10 |
Regular version available from measure developer: https://sites01.lsu.edu/faculty/pfricklab/apq/ Items retained in pre-school revision available in Clerkin et al. (2007) |
Free (but copyrighted and developer requests a copy of any publications arising from use) |
| Beck Depression Inventory-2 (BDI-II) | Adults and adolescents (+ 13 years) | 1 | 21 (0–63) | 5–10 | Available to purchase from measure publisher: https://www.pearsonclinical.com |
Starter kit (manual and 25 paper forms) $138.25 |
| Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) | Adults (+ 18 years) | 3 (Somatisation, depression, anxiety) | 18 (18–90) | 8–10 | Available to purchase from measure publisher: https://www.pearsonclinical.com | Hand-Scoring Starter Kit (Includes BSI 18 manual, 50 answer sheets with test items and 50 profile forms): $129.60 |
| Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-revised (CES-D-R) | Adults | 9 (Sadness, loss of interest, appetite, sleep, thinking/concentration, guilt, tiredness, movement, suicidal ideation) | 20 (0–60) | 5–10 | Available from measure developer website: http://cesd-r.com/about-cesdr/ | Free |
| Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) | Adults (+ 17 years) | 3 (Depression, anxiety, stress) | 21 (0–63) | 5–10 | Available from measure developer website: http://www2.psy.unsw.edu.au/dass/ |
Free to download and use the questionnaire Manual: $55 (AUSD) |
| Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) | Mothers in the post-partum and antenatal period | 1 | 10 (0–30) | 5–10 | Available in the public domain e.g. http://www.fresno.ucsf.edu/pediatrics/downloads/edinburghscale.pdf and in Cox et al. (1987) | Free |
| General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) | Adolescents and adults | 1 | 12 (0–60) | 5–10 | Available to purchase from measure publisher: https://www.gl-assessment.co.uk |
User guide: £115.95 Pack of 100 forms: £84.95 |
| Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) | Adults | 1 | 17 (0–52) | 5–10 | Available in the public domain e.g. https://www.outcometracker.org/library/HAM-D.pdf | Free |
| Maternal Emotional Style Questionnaire (MESQ) | Mothers | 2 (Emotion coaching, Emotion dismissing) | 22 (14–70) | 5–10 | Items described in original research article (Lagacé-Séguin and Coplan 2005) | Free |
| Parenting Scale (PS) | Parents of pre-school children and up to adolescence | 3 (Lax discipline, Over reactive discipline, Hostile discipline) | 30 (30–210) | 5–10 | Available in the public domain e.g. http://www.pti-sf.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/PS_English.242164902.pdf | Free |
| Parenting Sense of Competence (PSoC) | Parents | 2 (Parent satisfaction, parent self-efficacy) | 17 (17–102) | 5–10 | Available in the public domain e.g. https://www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/sps/documents/c-change/parenting-sense-of-competence-scale.pdf | Free |
| Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI-SF) | Parents of children aged 1 month to 12 years | 3 (Parental distress, Parent–child dysfunctional interaction, Difficult child) | 36 (36–180) | 10–15 | Available to purchase from measure publisher: http://www.parinc.com |
Manual: $85 Pack of 25 forms: $107 |
| Perinatal Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire (PPQ) | Biological mothers of infants | 1 | 14 (0–14) | 5–10 | Items described in original research article, e.g. DeMier et al. (2000) | Free |
| Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) | Adults (and adolescents) | 1 | 10 (0–30) | 5 | Available to download from measure developer: https://socy.umd.edu/quick-links/using-rosenberg-self-esteem-scale | Free |
| Short Form-12 (SF-12) | Adults (+ 16 years) | 2 (Physical health composite score, Mental health composite score) | 12 (0–100) | 5–10 | License required from measure publisher: https://campaign.optum.com/optum-outcomes.html | Costs available on request from publisher |
| State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | Adults (+ 16 years) | 2 (state anxiety, trait anxiety) | 40 (40–160) | 10 | License to reproduce available to download from measure publisher: http://www.mindgarden.com | Pack of 50 forms and scoring instructions: $125 |
| Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R) | Adults and adolescents (+ 13 years) | 9 (Somatisation, Obsessive–compulsive, Interpersonal sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic anxiety, Paranoid ideation, Psychoticism) | 90 (0–100) | 12–15 | Available to purchase from measure publisher: https://www.pearsonclinical.com | Starter kit (includes 50 forms and scoring materials): $132.85 |