2. Pain/distress scales.
| Pain/distress scale | Description | Recorded by | Study |
| 5‐face scale of distress | 5‐face scale ranging from no distress to very severe distress | Self‐reported | Gazal 2004 |
| 4‐category scale of distress | 4‐point scale ranging from happy to distressed | Investigator | Noble 1994 |
| 5‐category scale of distress | 5‐point scale ranging from asleep to distressed | Investigator | Coulthard 2006 |
| Faces Legs Activity Crying Consolability (FLACC) assessment tool | Aggregate score based on observation of facial expression, leg movement, activity, crying, and consolability | Investigator | Townsend 2009 |
| Modified pain/discomfort scale (MPDS) | Aggregate score based on observation of crying, movement, and agitation | Investigator | Leong 2007 |
| Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) | Aggregate score based on observation of crying, facial expression, verbal expression pain, torso movement, child touching the "wound", and leg movement | Investigator | McWilliams 2007 |
| Presence/absence of pain | ‐ | Investigator/self‐reported | Elhakim 1993; Rashad 1990 |
| Simplified Toddler Preschooler‐Postoperative pain scale (STPPPS) or Toddler Preschooler‐Postoperative pain scale system (TPPPS) | Aggregate score based on observation of vocal pain expression, facial pain expression, and body pain expression | Investigator | Al‐Bahlani 2001; Leong 2007; Quirke 2005; Sammons 2007 |
| Visual analogue scale (VAS) | Self‐reporting of pain based on a line ranging from no pain to worst pain | Self‐reported | Anand 2005; Noble 1994 |
| Wong‐Baker FACES® Pain Rating Scale | 6‐face scale for pain intensity assessment ranging from no hurt to hurts worst | Self‐reported/Parentp‐reported | Sammons 2007; Townsend 2009 |
| 5‐face pain scale | 5‐face scale for pain intensity assessment ranging from no pain to very severe pain | Self‐reported | Coulthard 2006 |
| 4‐face pain scale | 4‐face scale for pain intensity assessment ranging from 'I don't hurt at all' to 'I hurt the most' | Self‐reported | Andrzejowski 2002 |
CHEOPS = Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale.FLACC = Faces Legs Activity Crying Consolability. MPDS = modified pain/discomfort scale. STPPPS = Simplified Toddler Preschooler‐Postoperative Pain Scale. TPPPS = Toddler Preschooler‐Postoperative Pain Scale. VAS = visual assessment scale.