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| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Bhananker 2008 | This used a positive control containing morphine |
| Greengrass 1998 | LA was placed after the operation finished and the participant was awake |
| Jürgens 2003 | This was not an RCT |
| Ogg 1983 | This did not use local anaesthetic |
LA = local anaesthetic; RCT = randomised controlled trial.
