TABLE 3.
Percentage difference (95% CI) in biomarker concentrations between the lean-stable group (reference) and the other trajectory groups in women (NHS) and men (HPFS)1
| Biomarker | Lean-stable | Lean–moderate increase | Lean–marked increase | Medium-stable/increase | Medium–marked increase |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| C-peptide | |||||
| Model 12 | 0 (reference) | 11 (7, 14) | 47 (42, 52) | 22 (17, 26) | 80 (71, 88) |
| Model 23 | 0 (reference) | 9 (6, 13) | 44 (39, 50) | 20 (16, 25) | 73 (65, 82) |
| Model 34 | 0 (reference) | 9 (5, 12) | 10 (5, 15) | −2 (−6, 3) | −3 (−10, 5) |
| IGF-I | |||||
| Model 12 | 0 (reference) | 4 (1, 6) | 2 (−1, 4) | 0 (−3, 3) | −7 (−10, −4) |
| Model 23 | 0 (reference) | 4 (2, 6) | 1 (−2, 3) | 0 (−2, 3) | −9 (−12, −6) |
| Model 34 | 0 (reference) | 4 (2, 7) | 4 (1, 7) | 3 (−1, 6) | −2 (−7, 3) |
| IGFBP-1 | |||||
| Model 12 | 0 (reference) | −13 (−23, 0) | −63 (−68, −57) | −44 (−52, −35) | −80 (−83, −76) |
| Model 23 | 0 (reference) | −13 (−23, 0) | −61 (−66, −55) | −43 (−51, −34) | −78 (−82, −74) |
| Model 34 | 0 (reference) | −12 (−23, 0) | −18 (−31, −3) | −2 (−17, 15) | 1 (−23, 33) |
| IGFBP-3 | |||||
| Model 12 | 0 (reference) | 3 (1, 4) | 3 (2, 5) | 1 (−1, 2) | 1 (−1, 3) |
| Model 23 | 0 (reference) | 3 (2, 4) | 4 (2, 5) | 1 (−1, 3) | 2 (0, 4) |
| Model 34 | 0 (reference) | 3 (1, 4) | 1 (−1, 3) | −1 (−3, 1) | −3 (−6, 0) |
| IGF-I:IGFBP-3 | |||||
| Model 12 | 0 (reference) | 1 (−1, 3) | −1 (−3, 1) | −1 (−3, 2) | −8 (−10, −6) |
| Model 23 | 0 (reference) | 1 (−1, 3) | −3 (−5, −1) | −1 (−3, 1) | −10 (−12, −8) |
| Model 34 | 0 (reference) | 1 (−1, 3) | 3 (0, 5) | 3 (1, 6) | 1 (−3, 5) |
| Men | |||||
| C-peptide | |||||
| Model 12 | 0 (reference) | 13 (6, 20) | 31 (23, 39) | 3 (−3, 10) | 59 (45, 75) |
| Model 23 | 0 (reference) | 12 (4, 20) | 27 (19, 36) | 2 (−5, 10) | 51 (36, 67) |
| Model 34 | 0 (reference) | 6 (−2, 14) | 6 (−3, 15) | −10 (−17, −3) | −2 (−15, 12) |
| IGF-I | |||||
| Model 12 | 0 (reference) | 4 (0, 8) | −1 (−4, 3) | −1 (−5, 3) | −8 (−13, −3) |
| Model 23 | 0 (reference) | 6 (1, 10) | 2 (−2, 6) | −1 (−5, 3) | −5 (−11, 1) |
| Model 34 | 0 (reference) | 4 (−1, 10) | 2 (−3, 7) | −1 (−6, 4) | −4 (−12, 4) |
| IGFBP-1 | |||||
| Model 12 | 0 (reference) | −22 (−34, −9) | −46 (−53, −37) | −13 (−26, 2) | −67 (−74, −59) |
| Model 23 | 0 (reference) | −17 (−30, −3) | −47 (−54, −38) | −14 (−27, 1) | −65 (−72, −56) |
| Model 34 | 0 (reference) | −11 (−25, 5) | −21 (−35, −6) | 12 (−6, 33) | −12 (−35, 20) |
| IGFBP-3 | |||||
| Model 12 | 0 (reference) | 3 (1, 5) | 2 (0, 4) | 1 (−1, 3) | −3 (−6, 0) |
| Model 23 | 0 (reference) | 3 (1, 6) | 3 (1, 5) | 1 (−1, 3) | −2 (−5, 1) |
| Model 34 | 0 (reference) | 3 (0, 5) | 2 (0, 5) | 0 (−2, 3) | −4 (−8, 0) |
| IGF-I:IGFBP-3 | |||||
| Model 12 | 0 (reference) | 1 (−2, 4) | −2 (−4, 1) | −1 (−4, 1) | −5 (−8, −1) |
| Model 23 | 0 (reference) | 2 (−1, 4) | −1 (−3, 2) | −1 (−3, 2) | −4 (−7, 0) |
| Model 34 | 0 (reference) | 1 (−2, 4) | 0 (−3, 3) | 0 (−3, 3) | −1 (−6, 4) |
1AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor–binding protein; MET-h, metabolic equivalent task hours; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
2Multivariate linear regression model with adjustment for age at blood draw.
3Multivariate linear regression model with adjustment for covariates included in model 1 plus height (continuous), race (white or nonwhite), physical activity (women: <5, 5–11.4, 11.5–21.9, or ≥22 MET-h/wk; men: <7, 7–14.9, 15–24.9, or ≥25 MET-h/wk), alcohol consumption (<0.15, 0.15–1.9, 2.0–7.4, or ≥7.5 g/d), pack-years of smoking (0, 1–15, 16–25, 26–45, or >45 pack-years), AHEI dietary score (women: <37.8, 37.8–43.5, 43.6–49.9, or >49.9; men: <35.2, 35.2–40.9, 41.0–47.6, or >47.6), multivitamin use (yes or no), regular aspirin/NSAID use (yes or no), fasting status (fasting or nonfasting), menopausal hormone therapy (women only: past use, current use, or no use), and menopausal status (women only: premenopause, postmenopause, or uncertain menopause).
4Multivariate linear regression models with adjustment for covariates included in model 2 and BMI at blood draw (continuous).