Table 2.

SPION-assisted cell manipulation in vivo.

Cell type	Functional coating	Cell guidance or transplantation	Magnetic stimulation	Application	References
Macrophages	RGD-anchored liposomes carrying dextran-coated SPIONs	Magnetic cell guidance	0.8 T magnet held at the brain	Drug delivery to the brain	Jain et al., 2003
Mesenchymal stem cells	Dextran*	Magnetic cell transplantation	380 mT magnet implanted in paravertebral muscles	T7 contusion SCI	Sasaki et al., 2011
Mesenchymal stem cells	PLL	Magnetic cell transplantation	1.2 T magnet implanted in paravertebral muscles	T8-9 contusion SCI	Vaněček et al., 2012
Mesenchymal stem cells	PEG-PE micelles	Magnetic cell transplantation	1 mT, 50 Hz magnetic field for 5 h daily	T9 contusion SCI	Cho et al., 2013
Mesenchymal stem cells	PLL	Magnetic cell transplantation	1.2 T magnets held over lesion	T10 contusion SCI	Tukmachev et al., 2015
Mesenchymal stem cells	Carboxy-dextran**	Magnetic cell transplantation	Magnet externally secured at lesion	T7-8 contusion SCI	Zhang et al., 2015
Neural stem cells	Dextran*	Magnetic cell transplantation	320 mT magnet secured to the animal's head	Focal cerebral ischemia	Song et al., 2010
Neural stem cells	PLL ZnMNPs	Magnetic cell transplantation	1 T magnet secured to animal's head	Middle cerebral artery occlusion	Yun et al., 2018
Schwann cells	None; embedded in chitosan-glycerophosphate scaffold	Magnetic cell transplantation	2 mT, 50 Hz for 2 h daily	Sciatic nerve transection	Liu et al., 2017

Studies that utilize an external magnetic field in addition to magnetized cells were included.

^*Feridex is a solution of dextran-coated SPIONs and was used for this study. Feridex was approved by the FDA in 1996 as a liver imaging contrast agent, then was discontinued due to lack of sales in 2008.

^**Resovist is a solution of carboxy-dextran-coated SPIONs and was used for this study. Resovist was approved as an imaging contrast agent by the FDA in 2001 (Cortajarena et al., 2014).