Table 1.
Characteristics of the patients (n=218)
| Characteristic | Never-smokers (n=94) | Former smokers (n=54) | Current smokers (n=70) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 53.7±10.2 | 58.3±9.3* | 54.8±9.4 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.4±2.7 | 25.1±2.6 | 25.3±3.1 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.9±8.2 | 87.7±7.5 | 87.7±8.8 |
| Exercise pattern† | |||
| None | 24 (25.5) | 16 (29.6) | 23 (32.9) |
| Irregular | 41 (43.6) | 15 (27.8) | 31 (44.3) |
| Regular | 29 (30.9) | 23 (42.6) | 16 (22.9) |
| Weekly exercise time (min) | 102.5±95.6 | 113.8±103.8 | 80.0±92.1† |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 131.7±13.7 | 130.4±10.9 | 130.0±16.5 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 82.9±10.4 | 80.4±9.2 | 81.7±12.6 |
| Total cholesterol level (mg/dL) | 192.7±31.5 | 192.0±25.3 | 188.2±39.2* |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (mg/dL) | 47.9±9.9 | 45.4±8.1 | 46.5±7.9 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (mg/dL) | 111.7±27.8 | 113.4±21.7 | 107.4±32.6* |
| Triglyceride level (mg/dL) | 167.1±106.3 | 141.2±65.0† | 178.4±132.7 |
| Drinks/wk | 5.9±4.7 | 6.6±12.5 | 7.3±8.6 |
| Diabetes mellitus† | 13 (13.8) | 16 (29.6) | 17 (24.3) |
| Hypertension | 43 (45.7) | 28 (51.9) | 34 (48.6) |
| Dyslipidemia† | 33 (35.1) | 27 (50.0) | 36 (51.4) |
| Smoking duration (y) | 0† | 14.3±9.9 | 27.1±10.5 |
| Amount smoked daily (packs/d) | 0† | 0.8±0.4 | 0.9±0.5 |
| Amount smoked (pack-years) | 0† | 0.9±0.5 | 24.4±6.25 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). Diabetes mellitus: fasting blood sugar level of ≥126 mg/dL or the use of antidiabetic medication. Hypertension: hypertension treatments or if the systolic blood pressure was ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure was ≥90 mm Hg. Dyslipidemia: treatments for dyslipidemia or the total cholesterol level was ≥240 mg/dL or the TG level was ≥200 mg/dL.
*
P<0.05,
†
P<0.01 compared with the other groups according to one-way analysis of variance with Scheffe’s post hoc test or chi-square test.