Table 2.
Drinking levels associated with risks for health-related indices in Korean adults
| Index | No. of participants | Gender | Level of drinking (drinks*/wk) |
Publication | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-flushers | Flushers | ||||
| Increased insulin resistance risk | 624 | M | >20 | >12 | Jung et al. [12] (2010) |
| Increased metabolic syndrome risk | 1,823 | M | >16 | >4 | Jung et al. [13] (2012) |
| Increased metabolic syndrome risk | 1,344 | F | >4 | >0 | Seo [18] (2018) |
| Elevated CDT level | 374 | M | >12 | >4 | Kim et al. [19] (2013) |
| Elevated GGT level | 374 | M | >8 | >4 | Kim et al. [19] (2013) |
| Elevated GGT level | 797 | M | ≥4 | >0 | Yang et al. [20] (2016) |
| Increased hypertension risk | 1,763 | M | >8 | >4 | Jung et al. [21] (2014) |
| Increased hyperglycemia risk | 802 | M | >16 | >8 | Suh [22] (2014) |
| Increased prediabetes or T2DM risk | 1,030 | M | >8 | >4 | Kim et al. [23] (Forthcoming 2019) |
| Increased colorectal adenoma risk | 511 | M | NS | ≥8 | Yang [24] (2016) |
| Increased high intraocular-pressure risk | 479 | M† | >8 | >0 | Lee et al. [25] (Forthcoming) |
M, male; F, female; CDT, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin; GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; T2DM, type-2 diabetes mellitus; NS, non-significant.
*
1 drink=14 g alcohol: 1 can of beer, 1 small bottle of beer, 350 mL of draft beer, rice beer 300 mL (1 bowl of rice beer), wine 150 mL (1 glass of wine), 20% Soju 90 mL (1/4 bottle), and 40% liquor 45 mL (1 shot glass).
†
Body mass index ≥25 kg/m2.