Table 2.

PET radiotracers for coronary atherosclerosis

Target	Ligand	Radiotracer	Application to date	Selected ongoing clinical trials
Macrophage activation	GLUT (1 and 3) and conversion by hexokinase to 18F-FDG-6-phosphate	18F-FDG	Prospective in vivo studies in extracardiac atherosclerosis Myocardial suppression required to evaluate coronary arteries	Vascular Inflammation in Psoriasis (NCT02187172, NCT03082729)
	Somatostatin receptor subtype 2	68Ga-DOTATATE	Prospective in vivo studies in cardiac and extracardiac atherosclerosis Retrospective in vivo studies in coronary artery disease
	Translocator protein 18-kDa	11C-PK11195	Prospective in vivo study in carotid stenosis
	Translocator protein 18-kDa	11C-PBR28	Clinical studies in healthy controls and multiple sclerosis	Cardiac Sarcoidosis (NCT02017522)
	Mannose receptor	18F-FDM	Preclinical cell culture model
	Choline kinase phosphorylated to Phosphatidylcholine	18F-choline	Preclinical murine model	ESCAPPE (NCT02640313)
Apoptosis	Phosphatidylserine	68Ga-Annexin A5	Preclinical murine model
Hypoxia	Reduction to amine derivative in low O2 environment	18F-FMISO	Preclinical murine model
	Reduction to amine derivative in low O2 environment	18F-HX4	Proof of concept in carotid atherosclerosis
Microcalcification	Hydroxyapatite	18F-fluoride	Prospective in vivo studies in coronary and extracardiac atherosclerosis	PREFFIR Study (NCT02278211) ROPPET-NAF (NCT03233243) PET-MR Imaging In Patients With Cardiac Amyloidosis (NCT03626584) Pilot Study-Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Global Atherosclerosis Risk Assessment (NCT02265250)
Angiogenesis	αVβ3 and αVβ5 integrin	18F-Fluciclatide	Prospective in vivo studies in cardiac and extracardiac atherosclerosis
	αVβ3 integrin	18F-RGD-K5	Ex vivo human carotid studies	Carotid plaque imaging study NCT01968226

Adapted from Moss et al.⁴⁵