Table 1.
Effects of verteporfin on characteristics of blastocyst development in the bovine embryo.a
| Vehicle | Verteporfinb | |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of putative zygotes that reached the blastocyst stage, day 7.5 (N = 8)a | 22.2 ± 1.5% (n = 923) | 16.7 ± 1.5% (n = 887)* |
| Proportion of blastocysts that were undergoing hatching from the zona pellucida, day 8.5 (N = 5)a,c | 12.2 ± 1.5% (n = 82) | 1.7 ± 1.5% (n = 58)* |
| Proportion of blastocysts that hatched from the zona pellucida, day 9.5 (N = 5)a,c | 21.0 ± 1.5% (n = 38) | 0.0 ± 1.5% (n = 31)* |
| Total number of nuclei (Hoechst+), day 7.5 (N = 4)a | 131.8 ± 6.3 (n = 28) | 103.2 ± 7.5 (n = 18)*** |
| Total number of nuclei (Hoechst+), day 8.5 (N = 4)a | 150.6 ± 10.2 (n = 23) | 107.1 ± 9.5 (n = 18)*** |
| Total number of nuclei (Hoechst+), day 9.5 (N = 4)a | 103.7 ± 6.9 (n = 11) | 108.9 ± 6.6 (n = 11) |
| Number of CDX2− nuclei (ICM), day 7.5 (N = 4)a | 53.5 ± 3.9 (n = 28) | 65.5 ± 4.7 (n = 18)* |
| Number of CDX2− nuclei (ICM), day 8.5 (N = 4)a | 30.3 ± 6.2 (n = 23) | 108 ± 5.8 (n = 18)*** |
| Number of CDX2− nuclei (ICM), day 9.5 (N = 4)a | 30.3 ± 8.2 (n = 11) | 106.8 ± 8.6 (n = 11)*** |
| Number of CDX2+ nuclei (TE), day 7.5 (N = 4)a | 78.3 ± 5.8 (n = 28) | 37.7 ± 6.9 (n = 18)*** |
| Number of CDX2+ nuclei (TE), day 8.5 (N = 4)a | 120.3 ± 7.3 (n = 23) | −0.9 ± 6.8 (n = 18)*** |
| Number of CDX2+ nuclei (TE), day 9.5 (N = 4)a | 81.3 ± 5.3 (n = 11) | 6.7 ± 5.5 (n = 11)*** |
| Number of YAP1+ nuclei, day 7.5 (N = 4)a | 64.0 ± 6.4 (n = 28) | 35.4 ± 8.6 (n = 18)* |
| Number of YAP1+ nuclei, day 8.5 (N = 4)a | 59.8 ± 7.6 (n = 23) | 4.8 ± 4.9 (n = 18)*** |
| Number of YAP1+ nuclei, day 9.5 (N = 4)a | 85.0 ± 6.9 (n = 11) | 11.8 ± 8.3 (n = 11)*** |
| Number of GATA6+ nuclei (hypoblast), day 9.5 (N = 4)a | 39.7 ± 6 (n = 7) | −3.3 ± 5.4 (n = 9)*** |
| Number of NANOG+ nuclei (epiblast), day 9.5 (N = 4)a | 20.0 ± 4.2 (n = 7) | −2.0 ± 3.8 (n = 9)** |
aN = Number of replicates; n = total number of embryos per treatment.
b*P < 0.05 (except for percent hatching at day 8.5 where P = 0.05); **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
cA blastocyst was considered to be undergoing hatching; it was hatching from the zona pellucida or had completed hatching.