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. 2019 Jul 19;17(7):421. doi: 10.3390/md17070421

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Simplified image of T-cell activation and cancer cell lysis. Resting T-cells are activated by the interaction of TCR:MHC and CD28:CD80 and CD86, leading to the expression of CTLA4. CTLA4 preferentially reacts with CD80 and CD86 causing activated T-cell lysis. Although imbalanced interaction of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) on activated T-cell and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on antigen-presenting cell (APC) causes T-cell lysis, such reaction between activated T-cells and cancer cells expressing PD-L1 will lead to the survival of cancer cells and facilitate cancer cell growth. Suppression of PD-L1 by low molecular weight fucoidan extract (LMF) leads to cancer cell lysis. Adapted from [7,13].