Table 1.
Protective virus isolates and their respective challenging isolates tested for their mild strain cross-protection capabilities. Host plants used to study the interaction of the protecting and challenging isolates, as well as the test site (Lab* and/or Field) are given. Viruses are listed according to the genus of the protecting virus.
| Protecting Virus | Challenging Virus | Host Plant | Test Site | Year of Publication | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfamovirus | |||||
| Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), strain 425 | AMV, T6 strain | Phaseolus vulgaris | Lab | 1995 | [39] |
| Badnavirus | |||||
| Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV), N1 and SS365B isolates | CSSV, 1A isolate | Theobroma cacao various cultivars | Field | 2016 | [40] |
| Carmovirus | |||||
| Turnip crinkle virus, TCVΔCP | TCV, T1d1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Lab | 2014 | [41] |
| Caulimovirus | |||||
| Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), UN130 isolate | CaMV, Cabb S strain | Brassica rapa | Lab | 1989 | [42] |
| Closterovirus | |||||
| Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), T30 isolates | Citrus vein enation virus | Citrus aurantifolia cv. Mexican lime | Lab | 2004 | [43] |
| CTV, CS-1 isolate | CTV, Rolândia strain | Citrus sinensis | Field | 2013 | [44] |
| CTV, GFMS-12, GFMS-35, and LMS-6 strains | CTV severe strains | C. paradisi Macfad., C. aurantifolia, C. sinensis, C. reticulata | Field | 2010, 2015 | [45,46] |
| CTV | CTV | Citrus sinensis various cultivars, Citrus × paradisi various cultivars | Field | 2010 | [47] |
| Cucumovirus | |||||
| Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), S strain | CMV, P strain | Solanum lycopersicum cv Rutgers, Nicotiana tabacum cvs Xanthi-nc, Turkish, Cucurbita pepo | Field | 1985 | [48] |
| CMV-S with S-CARNA 5 | CMV severe strains | Solanum lycopersicum, various cultivars, Cucurbita melo cv. Janus des Canaries, Capsicum annuum cv. California Wonder | Field | 1991, 1998 | [49,50] |
| CMV, KO2 strain | Severe strain CMV-876 | Solanum lycopersicum | Lab | 1993 | [51] |
| CMV, CM95 strain | CMV severe strains | Cucumis sativus cv. Sagamihanjiro | Lab | 1997 | [52] |
| Tomato aspermy virus (TAV) mild strain | TAV severe strains | Solanum lycopersicum, various cultivars | Lab | 1986 | [53] |
| Furovirus | |||||
| Beet soilborne mosaic virus | Beet necrotic yellow vein virus | Beta vulgaris | Lab | 1999 | [54] |
| Carlavirus | |||||
| Potato virus M (PVM), I-38 isolate | PVM, Uran isolate | Datura metel | Lab | 2016 | [55] |
| Geminivirus | |||||
| African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) - Uganda | Virulent ACMV strains | Manihot esculenta | Field | 2004 | [56] |
| African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) | East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMVC) | Nicotiana benthamiana | Lab | 2012 | [57] |
| Ilarvirus | |||||
| Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), mild strain “M” | ApMV, severe strain “A” | Malus sp., various cultivars | Field | 1964 | [58] |
| Luteovirus | |||||
| Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), mild isolates | BYDV severe strains | Avena sativa var. Clintland 64 | Lab | 1965, 1991 | [59,60] |
| Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), mild strain | PLRV severe strain | Solanum tuberosum ‘Katahdin’ Physalis floridana | Lab | 1955 | [61] |
| Macluravirus | |||||
| Chinese yam necrotic mosaic virus (CYNMV), KM3 strain | CYNMV wild-type | Dioscorea opposita | Field | 2015 | [62] |
| Nepovirus | |||||
| Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), GHu strain | GFLV severe strain |
Vits vinifera cv. Gewurztraminer clone 643 grafted onto rootstock Kober 5BB clone 259., V. vinifera various cultivars |
Field | 2008, 1993 | [63,64] |
| Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Ta strain | GFLV severe strain |
Vits vinifera cv. Gewurztraminer clone 643 grafted onto rootstock Kober 5BB clone 259., V. vinifera, various cultivars |
Field | 2008, 1993 | [63,64] |
| Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), Chickadee isolate | ToRSV, PYBM isolate | Nicotiana benthamiana | Lab | 1988 | [65] |
| Potexvirus | |||||
| Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), LP,EU, and CH2 strains | Severe PepMV, CH2 isolate | Solanum esculentum cv. Tricia | Lab | 2010 | [66] |
| PepMV, VX1, and VC1 mixture (LP and CH2 genotype) | Severe PepMV isolates of EU and CH2 genotype | Solanum esculentum various cultivars | Lab | 2017 | [67] |
| PepMV, Sp13, and PS5 | Severe PepMV isolates of EU and CH2 genotype | Solanum esculentum various cultivars | Field | 2018 | [68] |
| PepMV, KD strain (engineered) | PepMV, wild-type |
Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum esculentum various cultivars |
Lab | 2015 | [69] |
| Potato virus X (PVX), mild strain | PVX severe strain | Nicotiana tabacum | Lab | 1933 | [36] |
| PVX E1001A, E46A | Wild type PVX severe strain | Nicotiana benthamiana | Lab | 2019 | [70] |
| Potyvirus | |||||
| Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), M11 isolate | BYMV severe strains and Clover yellow vein virus | Vicia faba | Lab | 2009 | [71] |
| Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), cowpea and passionfruit isolates | various combinations of severe isolates | Canavalia ensiformis, Passiflora edulis | Lab | 2017 | [72] |
| Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) | Bermuda grass Southern mosaic virus (BgSMV) | Sorghum (unknown species) | Lab | 2012 | [73] |
| Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), PRSV HA 5-1 and 6-1 mutated strains | PRSV-W severe strains PRSV-W-C, PRSV-W-B, PRSV-W-P | Carica papaya | Field | 1998 | [74] |
| Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), PRSV-W-SD mutated strains C57A, K125D, G317K, P328A | Wild type PRSV-W-gfp | Cucumis melo | Lab | 2019 | [75] |
| PRSV-W mild strains PRSV-W-1 and PRSV-W-2 | PRSV-W severe strains PRSV-W-C, PRSV-W-B, PRSV-W-P | Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta and cv. Clarinda | Field | 1998 | [76] |
| Pepper severe mosaic virus (PeSMV), M-1 strain | PeSMV virulent strains | Capsicum cv. XPH 833 and cv. NUN 3364 | Lab | 1988 | [77] |
| Plum pox virus (PPV) mild strains | PPV severe strains | Prunus persica GF305 | Lab | 2008 | [78] |
| Potato virus Y (PVY) mild strains M-MY10 and N-NA10 | PVY severe isolate NTND6 | Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi | Lab | 2013 | [79] |
| PVY isolates Li, FrKV2, Wy, Wi, Cou8/03, 47/96 | various combination of PVY isolates | Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun, S. tuberosum cv Irga and cv. Satina | Lab | 2018 | [80] |
| Potato virus A (PVA) tobacco strain | PVA potato strains | Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun nn | Lab | 2002 | [81] |
| Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), Aa15-M2 strain | SMV severe strains | Glycine max cv. Shin Tambaguro | Lab and field | 1993 | [82] |
| SMV, mosaic strain | SMV mosaic strain | Glycine max, various cultivars | Lab | 2008 | [83] |
| Turnip mosaic virus, GK strain | YC5 strain | Arabidopsis thaliana | Lab | 2014 | [84] |
| Vanilla necrosis potyvirus (VNV), mild strains | VNV severe strains | Vanilla fragrans | Lab | 1999 | [85] |
| Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), EM, CL isolates; W1-9 isolates | WMV, EM, and CL isolates and WMV severe strains | Cucurbita maxima cv. Hokou Aokawa Kuri, C. moshata, various cultivars, C. maxima x C. moshata, various cultivars, C. pepo, Cucumis melo cv. various, Citrullus lunatus cv. Kyokuto, Lagenaria siceraria cv. Shimotsukeshiro | Lab | 1992, 2011 | [86,87] |
| Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), WK isolate | ZYMV severe strains | Curcubita pepo cvs. Elite, Oriental sweet melon, Cucumis sativus cv. Marketer | Lab and field | 1991 | [19] |
| Rymovirus | |||||
| Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Type and Sidney 81 strains | WSMV, Type and Sidney 81 strains | Triticum aestivum cv. Centurk | Lab | 2001 | [88] |
| Tobamovirus | |||||
| Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), VIROG-43Ms strain | CGMMV, MC-1 and MC-2 isolates | Cucumis sativus var. Kurazh F1 | Lab | 2016 | [89] |
| CGMMV Pk-47 and Pk-81 | Wild type CGMMV | Cucumis sativus | Lab | 2010 | [90] |
| Hibiscus latent Singapore virus (HLSV) | Tobacco mosaic virus-U1 | Nicotiana benthamiana | Lab | 2013 | [91] |
| Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), isolates L3-163 | Wild type PMMoV isolate | Capsicum annuum, various cultivars | Lab | 2013 | [92] |
| Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), 43A | Wild type TMV | Nicotiana benthamiana | Lab | 2019 | [93] |
| TMV, MII-16 strain | TMV, type O isolate | Solanum lycopersicum cv. Potentate | Lab | 1977 | [94] |
| TMV mild strain | TMV | Capscicum annuum various cultivars | Lab | 1984 | [95] |
| Crucifer TMV, CgYD strain (engineered) | Crucifer TMV, Cg strain | Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0 and sde1 (ecotype C24) | Lab | 2003 | [96] |
| Satellite TMV, type 5 and type 6 | Satellite TMV, type 5 and type 6 | Nicotianatabacum cv. Xanthi nn | Lab | 1994 | [97] |
| Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), L11A-Fukushima strain | ToMV severe strains | Solanum lycopersicum cv. Momotaro | Field | 2002 | [98] |
| Tospovirus | |||||
| Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), R27G mild strain | TSWV, BL isolate | Datura stramonium L. | Lab | 1992 | [99] |
* Lab = Research laboratory or glasshouse.