Table 2.

Update of prostaglandins and its derivatives, and functional roles in marine organisms.

Compound	Producer Organism	Biological Activities	Reference
PGF2α	Marsupenaeus japonicus	Ovarian maturation	Tahara et al., 2004 [64]
	Thunnus thynnus	Contraction of smooth muscles during ejaculation and metabolism of testis	Nomura et al., 1973 [65]
PGE1	Marine Invertebrates	Thermoregulation and fever	Stanley-Samuelson, 1987 [63]
	Laminaria digitata	Protection against stress conditions induced by copper excess	Ritter et al., 2008 [19]
	Salmo sp.	Contraction of smooth muscles during ejaculation and metabolism of testis	Chirst and Van Dorp, 1972 [60]
PGE2	Marsupenaeus japonicus	Ovarian maturation	Tahara et al., 2004 [64]
	Paralichthys olivaceus and Thunnus thynnus	Contraction of smooth muscles during ejaculation and metabolism of testis	Nomura et al., 1973 [65]
	Gracilaria vermiculophylla	Wounding-activated chemical defense molecules	Nylund et al., 2011 [66]
	Laminaria digitata	Protection against stress conditions induced by copper excess	Ritter et al., 2008 [19]
PGF2α- and PGF3α-1,15-lactones fatty acid esters (PLFE)	Tethys fimbria	Reproduction and multiple roles depending on body localization	Cimino et al., 1991 [67]; Di Marzo et al., 1991 [37]
PGF1α	Oncorhynchus keta	Contraction of smooth muscles during ejaculation and metabolism of testis	Nomura et al., 1973 [65]
15-keto-PGE2	Gracilaria vermiculophylla	Wounding-activated chemical defense molecules	Nylund et al., 2011 [66]
	Laminaria digitata	Protection against stress conditions induced by copper excess	Ritter et al., 2008 [19]
PGE2-1,15-lactone	Tethys fimbria	Reproduction and multiple roles depending on body localization	Cimino et al., 1991 [67]; Di Marzo et al., 1991 [37]
PGE3-1,15-lactone-11-acetate	Tethys fimbria	Reproduction and multiple roles depending on body localization	Cimino et al., 1991 [67]; Di Marzo et al., 1991 [37]
PGE3-1,15-lactone	Tethys fimbria	Reproduction and multiple roles depending on body localization	Cimino et al., 1991 [67]; Di Marzo et al., 1991 [37]
PGD1	Laminaria digitata	Protection against stress conditions induced by copper excess	Ritter et al., 2008 [19]
PGA2	Gracilaria vermiculophylla	Wounding-activated chemical defense molecules	Nylund et al., 2011 [66]
	Laminaria digitata	Protection against copper stress and trigger of oxidative responses	Zambounis et al., 2012 [68]
PGB2	Laminaria digitata	Protection against stress conditions induced by copper excess	Ritter et al., 2008 [19]
PGJ2	Laminaria digitata	Protection against stress conditions induced by copper excess	Ritter et al., 2008 [19]
Clavulones	Clavularia viridis	Suggested to be hypothetical repellents against other marine organisms	Honda et al., 1985 [45]
iTXB2	Dayatis sabina	Blood clotting	Cabrera et al., 2003 [69]
TXB2	Oncorhynchus mykiss	Vasodilator agent	Thomson et al., 1998 [70]