Figure 5.

Antimicrobial effects of Casu against gram-positive and gram-negative phytobacteria. In both cases, antimicrobial effects occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of Casu is shown against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (A) and C. michiganensis pv. Michiganensis (E). Electron microscopy images show that Casu induces a massive membrane rupture, leading to a decrease in bacterial survival, in a dose dependent manner, as shown in (B–D). One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test was used, and values of p < 0.05 were considered significant as indicated by asterisk.