Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants With Normal Glucose Regulation, Prediabetes, and Diabetes (N = 111 765)a.
| Baseline Characteristic | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Glucose Regulation | Prediabetes | Diabetes | |
| Participants | 24 881 (22.3) | 61 024 (54.6) | 25 860 (23.1) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 52.9 (8.6) | 56.5 (8.7) | 59.4 (8.7) |
| Men | 7872 (31.6) | 20 018 (32.8) | 9945 (38.5) |
| High school or greater education | 9962 (40.0) | 22 895 (37.5) | 9135 (35.3) |
| Current alcohol drinker | 2487 (10.2) | 6501 (10.9) | 2767 (10.9) |
| Family history of diabetes | 2530 (10.2) | 7400 (12.1) | 5346 (20.7) |
| Family history of CVD | 4216 (16.9) | 10 495 (17.2) | 4189 (16.2) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current | 4818 (19.4) | 11 128 (18.2) | 4997 (19.3) |
| Former, quit ≤12 mo | 136 (0.6) | 378 (0.6) | 228 (0.9) |
| Never or quit >12 mo | 19 927 (80.1) | 49 518 (81.2) | 20 635 (79.8) |
| BMI levels | |||
| <23 | 11 007 (44.2) | 20 731 (34.0) | 5852 (22.6) |
| ≥23 to <25 | 6253 (25.1) | 14 830 (24.3) | 5850 (22.6) |
| ≥25 | 7621 (30.6) | 25 463 (41.7) | 14 158 (54.8) |
| Physical activity at goal | 3219 (12.9) | 9027 (14.8) | 3559 (13.8) |
| Fruit and vegetable intake, mean (SD), cup/d | 4.1 (5.6) | 4.6 (4.5) | 4.6 (10.2) |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 185.0 (40.6) | 192.4 (44.0) | 196.6 (46.9) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 128 (20) | 132 (20) | 138 (21) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 77 (11) | 78 (11) | 80 (11) |
| Glycated hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD), % | 5.3 (0.3) | 5.8 (0.3) | 7.1 (1.5) |
| ICVHMs, No. | |||
| ≤1 | 494 (2.0) | 9004 (14.8) | 4865 (18.8) |
| 2 | 3296 (13.3) | 16 710 (27.4) | 8036 (31.1) |
| 3 | 6754 (27.2) | 17 937 (29.4) | 7450 (28.8) |
| 4 | 7279 (29.3) | 11 641 (19.1) | 3893 (15.1) |
| ≥5 | 7058 (28.4) | 5732 (9.4) | 1616 (6.3) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); ICVHMs, ideal cardiovascular health metrics.
SI conversion factors: To convert cholesterol levels to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; glycated hemoglobin A1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01.
a
Percentages may not sum to 100% owing to rounding. The number of missing values is 2135 for alcohol drinkers.