Table 2. Hazard Ratio (95% CI) of CVD Events According to Individual and Combined ICVHMs Among Participants With Prediabetes or Diabetes as Compared With the Overall Participants With Normal Glucose Regulationa.
| Category | Person-Years | No. of Cases | HR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal glucose regulation | 92 244 | 453 | 1 [Reference] |
| Prediabetes | |||
| Ideal smoking status | 178 928 | 1017 | 0.89 (0.78-1.02) |
| Ideal BMI | 74 792 | 383 | 0.84 (0.72-0.98) |
| Physical activity at goal | 32 903 | 157 | 0.78 (0.64-0.95) |
| Healthy diet | 101 941 | 508 | 0.82 (0.71-0.95) |
| Untreated total cholesterol <200 mg/dL | 122 210 | 632 | 0.86 (0.75-0.99) |
| Untreated blood pressure <120/80 mm Hg | 58 472 | 156 | 0.58 (0.48-0.71) |
| Glycated hemoglobin A1c <5.7% | 50 843 | 311 | 1.03 (0.89-1.19) |
| No. of ICVHMs | |||
| ≤1 | 32 967 | 307 | 1.34 (1.16-1.55) |
| 2 | 60 272 | 436 | 1.08 (0.95-1.23) |
| 3 | 64 473 | 351 | 0.89 (0.78-1.03) |
| 4 | 42 146 | 174 | 0.75 (0.63-0.89) |
| ≥5 | 20 906 | 54 | 0.57 (0.43-0.75) |
| Diabetes | |||
| Ideal smoking status | 74 324 | 846 | 1.33 (1.16-1.52) |
| Ideal BMI | 20 848 | 235 | 1.41 (1.19-1.66) |
| Physical activity at goal | 12 868 | 137 | 1.31 (1.07-1.61) |
| Healthy diet | 41 844 | 450 | 1.31 (1.13-1.52) |
| Untreated total cholesterol <200 mg/dL | 45 014 | 483 | 1.33 (1.15-1.53) |
| Untreated blood pressure <120/80 mm Hg | 13 418 | 71 | 0.91 (0.71-1.18) |
| Glycated hemoglobin A1c <6.5% | 31 659 | 337 | 1.31 (1.13-1.51) |
| No. of ICVHMs | |||
| ≤1 | 17 554 | 272 | 2.05 (1.76-2.38) |
| 2 | 28 819 | 366 | 1.63 (1.42-1.88) |
| 3 | 26 777 | 305 | 1.48 (1.27-1.71) |
| 4 | 14 000 | 133 | 1.29 (1.07-1.57) |
| ≥5 | 5909 | 31 | 0.80 (0.56-1.15) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); HR, hazard ratio; ICVHMs, ideal cardiovascular health metrics.
SI conversion factors: To convert cholesterol levels to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; glycated hemoglobin A1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01.
a
111 765 participants (24 881 with normal glucose regulation, 61 024 with prediabetes, and 25 860 with diabetes) were included in the analysis.
b
Adjusted for age, sex, education attainment (less than high school or high school or greater), family history of diabetes (yes or no), and family history of CVD (yes or no). Individual cardiovascular health metrics were mutually adjusted.