Table 3. Hazard Ratio (95% CI) of CVD Events According to Individual and Combined ICVHMs Among Participants With Prediabetes or Diabetesa.
| Category | Person-Years | No. of Cases | HR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prediabetes | |||
| Smoking status | |||
| Nonideal | 41 835 | 305 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 178 928 | 1017 | 0.81 (0.69-0.95) |
| BMI | |||
| Nonideal | 145 971 | 939 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 74 792 | 383 | 0.84 (0.74-0.95) |
| Physical activity | |||
| Nonideal | 187 860 | 1165 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 32 903 | 157 | 0.81 (0.69-0.96) |
| Healthy diet | |||
| Nonideal | 118 821 | 814 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 101 941 | 508 | 0.83 (0.74-0.93) |
| Total cholesterol | |||
| Nonideal | 98 553 | 690 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 122 210 | 632 | 0.83 (0.75-0.93) |
| Blood pressure | |||
| Nonideal | 162 291 | 1166 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 58 472 | 156 | 0.58 (0.49-0.69) |
| Glycated hemoglobin A1c | |||
| Nonideal | 169 920 | 1011 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 50 843 | 311 | 1.12 (0.98-1.27) |
| ICVHMs, No. | |||
| ≤1 | 32 967 | 307 | 1 [Reference] |
| 2 | 60 272 | 436 | 0.80 (0.69-0.93) |
| 3 | 64 473 | 351 | 0.66 (0.56-0.77) |
| 4 | 42 146 | 174 | 0.55 (0.46-0.67) |
| ≥5 | 20 906 | 54 | 0.42 (0.32-0.57) |
| Each 1-number increment in ICVHMs | NA | NA | 0.82 (0.79-0.86) |
| Diabetes | |||
| Smoking status | |||
| Nonideal | 18 734 | 261 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 74 324 | 846 | 0.81 (0.69-0.96) |
| BMI | |||
| Nonideal | 72 210 | 872 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 20 848 | 235 | 0.99 (0.85-1.14) |
| Physical activity | |||
| Nonideal | 80 190 | 970 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 12 868 | 137 | 0.91 (0.76-1.08) |
| Healthy diet | |||
| Nonideal | 51 214 | 657 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 41 844 | 450 | 0.89 (0.78-0.99) |
| Total cholesterol | |||
| Nonideal | 48 044 | 624 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 45 014 | 483 | 0.83 (0.74-0.94) |
| Blood pressure | |||
| Nonideal | 79 641 | 1036 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 13 417 | 71 | 0.54 (0.42-0.69) |
| Glycated hemoglobin A1c | |||
| Nonideal | 61 400 | 770 | 1 [Reference] |
| Ideal | 31 658 | 337 | 0.85 (0.74-0.96) |
| No. of ICVHMs | |||
| ≤1 | 17 554 | 272 | 1 [Reference] |
| 2 | 28 819 | 366 | 0.81 (0.69-0.95) |
| 3 | 26 777 | 305 | 0.74 (0.63-0.87) |
| 4 | 14 000 | 133 | 0.64 (0.52-0.79) |
| ≥5 | 5909 | 31 | 0.39 (0.27-0.56) |
| Each 1-number increment in ICVHMs | NA | NA | 0.85 (0.80-0.89) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; ICVHMs, ideal cardiovascular health metrics; NA, not applicable.
a
61 024 participants with prediabetes and 25 860 with diabetes were included in the analysis.
b
Adjusted for age, sex, education attainment (less than high school, high school or greater), family history of diabetes (yes or no), family history of CVD (yes or no), and diabetes duration (for participants with diabetes only). Individual cardiovascular health metrics were mutually adjusted.