TABLE 3.
Mean plasma γ-tocopherol concentrations by tertiles of selected participant characteristics (vitamin E supplement users excluded): pooled MAP I and II cross-sectional studies1
| Characteristics; tertiles (tertile medians) | n/tertile | Mean (95% CI),2 mg/dL | Proportional difference,3 % | P 4 | P-trend5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma α-tocopherol, mg/dL | 0.14 | 0.02 | |||
| 1 (0.7) | 82 | 0.210 (0.192, 0.231) | — | ||
| 2 (0.9) | 80 | 0.245 (0.223, 0.270) | 16.7 | ||
| 3 (1.2) | 82 | 0.231 (0.210, 0.253) | 10.0 | ||
| Plasma β-carotene, µg/dL | 0.08 | 0.01 | |||
| 1 (5.2) | 82 | 0.235 (0.214, 0.258) | — | ||
| 2 (9.3) | 80 | 0.245 (0.223, 0.269) | 4.3 | ||
| 3 (19.7) | 82 | 0.207 (0.189, 0.228) | −12.0 | ||
| Plasma α-carotene, µg/dL | 0.047 | 0.008 | |||
| 1 (0) | 83 | 0.235 (0.215, 0.258) | — | ||
| 2 (2.6) | 103 | 0.241 (0.222, 0.261) | 2.6 | ||
| 3 (5.9) | 58 | 0.199 (0.179, 0.223) | −15.3 | ||
| Plasma cryptoxanthin, µg/dL | 0.76 | 0.32 | |||
| 1 (2.8) | 82 | 0.231 (0.210, 0.253) | — | ||
| 2 (5.1) | 80 | 0.234 (0.213, 0.258) | 1.3 | ||
| 3 (9.7) | 82 | 0.220 (0.200, 0.242) | −4.8 | ||
| Plasma zeaxanthin, µg/dL | 0.46 | 0.21 | |||
| 1 (9.8) | 82 | 0.223 (0.203, 0.245) | — | ||
| 2 (14.9) | 80 | 0.243 (0.221, 0.267) | 9.0 | ||
| 3 (23.5) | 82 | 0.220 (0.200, 0.242) | −1.3 | ||
| Serum 25(OH)D3, ng/mL | 0.0005 | 0.002 | |||
| 1 (16) | 133 | 0.252 (0.234, 0.270) | — | ||
| 2 (24.5) | 48 | 0.217 (0.193, 0.245) | −13.8 | ||
| 3 (36) | 63 | 0.193 (0.174, 0.214) | −23.4 | ||
| OBS6 | 0.46 | 0.18 | |||
| 1 (−4.7) | 83 | 0.237 (0.215, 0.260) | — | ||
| 2 (−1.3) | 81 | 0.234 (0.213, 0.258) | −1.3 | ||
| 3 (3.2) | 50 | 0.215 (0.195, 0.236) | −9.3 | ||
| BMI,7 kg/m2 | 0.02 | 0.003 | |||
| <25.0 | 6 | 0.202 (0.184, 0.222) | — | ||
| 25.0–29.9 | 72 | 0.241 (0.219, 0.265) | 19.3 | ||
| ≥30.0 | 166 | 0.243 (0.222, 0.266) | 20.3 | ||
| Total calcium intake,8 mg ⋅ 1000 kcal−1 ⋅ d−1 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |||
| 1 (244.2) | 82 | 0.258 (0.235, 0.283) | — | ||
| 2 (345.4) | 81 | 0.219 (0.199, 0.240) | −15.1 | ||
| 3 (510.2) | 81 | 0.211 (0.192, 0.232) | −18.2 | ||
| Dietary fiber intake, g ⋅ 1000 kcal−1 ⋅ d−1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
| 1 (7.6) | 81 | 0.240 (0.219, 0.264) | — | ||
| 2 (10.4) | 82 | 0.242 (0.221, 0.265) | 0.8 | ||
| 3 (13.9) | 81 | 0.205 (0.187, 0.225) | −14.6 | ||
| Plasma F2-isoprostanes, pg/mL | 0.0004 | <0.0001 | |||
| 1 (59.9) | 119 | 0.206 (0.191, 0.222) | — | ||
| 2 (84.2) | 61 | 0.232 (0.209, 0.257) | 12.6 | ||
| 3 (130.2) | 64 | 0.272 (0.246, 0.302) | 32.0 | ||
| Plasma hsCRP, µg/mL | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| 1 (0.9) | 82 | 0.198 (0.181, 0.216) | — | ||
| 2 (2.9) | 80 | 0.222 (0.203, 0.243) | 12.1 | ||
| 3 (10.0) | 82 | 0.271 (0.247, 0.296) | 36.9 |
1 n = 419. hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MAP, Markers of Adenomatous Polyps; OBS, oxidative balance score; 25(OH)D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.
2Adjusted for serum total cholesterol concentrations.
3Proportional difference, in percentage, between the mean value in the corresponding tertile and the mean value in the first tertile: e.g., [(tertile 3 mean – tertile 1 mean)/tertile 1 mean] × 100.
4For differences between means from the general linear model, adjusted for serum total cholesterol concentration; nontransformed means (shown) were transformed by natural logarithm to improve normality before hypothesis testing.
5For trends across means from general linear models, adjusted for serum total cholesterol concentration.
6A composite of 15 anti- and pro-oxidant dietary and lifestyle exposures (see text); a higher score represents higher antioxidant relative to pro-oxidant dietary and lifestyle exposures; study population range: −13.3 to 15.6.
7Categories for BMI (kg/m2) based on WHO guidelines (41) for underweight–normal weight (<25), overweight (25.0–29.9), and obese (≥30.0).
8Total = dietary + supplemental.